INTRODUCTION TO

MANAGEMENT
Management connection to other fields
of study
 Anthropology : the study of human beings, especially of their
origin, development, customs and beliefs
 Study of societies
 Human & their activities
 Culture & environment
 Economics: The study of scarcity, the study of how people use
resources and respond to incentives, or the study of decision-
making.
 Philosophy : the study of ideas and beliefs
 Nature of things
 Value & ethics
 Political science : the study of politics and power
 Psychology : The scientific study of the mind and the way that
people behave
 Sociology
 the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people
interact within these contexts.
5 M’s of Management
 Men
 Material
 Methods
 Money
 Machine
Management
 Meaning
 Nature
 Functions
Meaning of Management
 Management as a discipline
 Management as a group of people
 Management as a Process
Production or Efficiency oriented
definition

 Management is the art of knowing what

you want to do and then seeing that it is
done in the best and cheapest way
 The process of coordinating work
activities so that they are completed
efficiently and effectively with and
through other people
 Efficiency & Effectiveness
Efficiency ( Means) Effectiveness
( Ends)
Resources Goal
Usage Attainment

Low Waste High Attainment

Management studies for

• Low resource waste ( High Efficiency)
• High goal attainment( High effectiveness)

Doing Things Right Doing the right things

Using resources carefully and Prioritizes tasks
expertly Places emphasis on critical
 https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgKSVDHTai
E
 Efficiency Vs Effectiveness
Decision Oriented definition
 Management is simply the process of
decision making and control over the
action of human beings for the
expressed purpose of attaining pre-
determined goals
 Stanley Vancey
People – Oriented definition
 Management is the art of getting things
done through and with the people in
formally organized groups
 Koontz
Function – Oriented
definition
 Management is defined as process by which
managers create, direct, maintain and
operate purposive organization through
systematic, coordinated, cooperative effort

-Mc.Farland
 Management is the process involving
planning, organising, staffing, directing and
controlling human efforts to achieve stated
objectives in an organisation.
Features of Management
 Organised activities
 Existence of objectives
 Relationship among resources
 Working with and through people
 Decision making
Management …….
Characteristics
 Goal-oriented process.
 Is multidimensional.
 Is an ongoing process.
 Is a science and art.
 Is a group activity.
 Is an intangible force.
 Is all pervasive.
 Is a purposeful activity.
Importance of Management
 Effective utilization of resources
 Development of resources
 To incorporate innovations
 Integrating various interest groups
 Stability in the society
Nature of management
 Multidisciplinary
 Dynamic nature of principles
 Relative not absolute principles
 Management science or art
 Management as profession
 Universality of management
Management and Administration

Controversy over the meaning of the

terms Management and
Administration
Three schools of Thought
 Administration is above management
 Administration is part of management
 Management and administration are
same
Administration is above
Management
 American School of thought: Administrators think,
managers act; administration is a top level activity,
management is a lower level function. Proponents-
Ordway Tead, Oliver Sheldon, W.Spriegel
 Administration relates to policy formulation and
management relates to policy execution
 Basis of difference
 Levels in organisation
 Major focus
 Nature of functions
 Scope of functions
 Factors affecting decision making
 Qualities required
Administration is part of
management
 English School of thought: Management is rule
making and rule enforcing body, Administration is
just an implementing agency. Proponents-
E.F.L.Brech, Henry Fayol, Kimball and Kimball.

 Management is generic name for the total process of

executive control in industry and commerce………………
 Administration is that part of management which is
concerned with installation & carrying out the
procedures by which it is laid down & communicated,
and the process of activities regulated and checked
against plans
Management and administration
are same
Newman, Harold Koontz, McFarland ,
Ernst Dale maintain that management
and administration are identical.

 Difference lies mostly in usage in

different countries.
 Lies in terms of coverage of activities
 Management : Science or
Art
 Elements of  Elements of Art
Science  Application of
 Systematic body of knowledge
knowledge  Doing things
 Scientific inquiry & creatively
observation  Personalized skill
 Experimentation  Perfection through
 Universal truths knowledge
 Management is a Science or an Art

 Management as Science
“Science is a systematized body of knowledge
which establishes a relationship between
cause and effect”

 Offers principles and guideline

 An inexact science
 Social science
 Scientific & Systematic
 Management as Art
“Art is bringing about a desired result
through application of skill”

 Personal skill
 Uses Practical knowledge acquired in dealing
with problems
 Concrete result oriented approach
 Development through practice
 Creative power
Management : Science as well as art

 Art of management is as old as civilisation

 Science of management is young and developing
 Both are complementary & mutually supportive

According to Peter Drucker:

“Every organisation has the same resources to work
with. It is the quality of management which spells
the difference between success & failure”

“Ability to solve problems requires sound knowledge

& constant practice”
Management as profession
Profession is that occupation in which one professes
to have acquired specialized knowledge, which is
used either in instructing, guiding or advising other

Essential features of profession:

 Well defined body of knowledge
 Formal education and training
 Minimum qualification
 Representative body
 Service motto
 Ethical code of conduct
 Management as Profession
 Management has well defined body of knowledge, tools
and techniques, research & consultancy
 Acquiring management education through formal training
is possible
 No representative body unlike for doctors, lawyers, etc
 No universal code of conduct.
 No regulatory body and code of conduct leads to
neglecting of service motto.
 Not a recognized profession ,but moving in that direction
 Some initiatives are: separation of ownership from
management, state regulation of business activities,
proliferation of management institutions, etc.
Assignment - 1
1. Define Management
2. Explain the characteristics of
management
3. Elaborate on Nature of Management
4. One Case to be solved

Submission – 2nd August 2024

Management Functions
Planning
Defining goals
Establishing strategy
Developing sub-
Organising
plans to coordinate
Controlling activities How it will be done
Monitoring Managem Who will do it
activities to ent
ensure that Process Staffing
they are
accomplished Directing Managing the
as planned various positions
Leading created by
Motivating organising
Communicating process
Resolving
conflicts
 Planning : The process of establishing goals and a
suitable course of action for achieving those goals.
 Organising : The process of engaging two or more
people in working together in a structured way to
achieve a specific goal or set of goals.
 Staffing : Selecting and training the individuals for
specific job functions & charging them with the
associated responsibilities.
 Directing : It is the process of influencing and
motivating employees to perform essential tasks in
an organization.
 Controlling : It is a regulating function. Ensures that
the plan has been implemented successfully and is
 Example Case:
Alpha Beta Inc. decided to go for perfect coordination in the various
aspects of the company. They focus on synchronization of all the
activities of the organisation. For this they know coordination will be
the key. At the stage of thinking of what is to be done throughout the
year they decide to take into consideration the harmony between the
goals of the organisation and those of the individual departments.
When they hire employees they pay them only after evaluating their
worth in terms of how efficient they are. Finally when the last month of
production comes they, time and again check the deviation between
the set targets and the actual production done.

In the above paragraph the main focus is on coordination.

However various functions of management also come into
picture.

You have to identify the three functions of management

highlighted above in which coordination can be seen.
Functions at various levels of management
Formulation of long
Trusteeship
term plans
function
Guidance & direction
Framing
Integration
Objectives &
Staffing
Policies
Reviews & control
Selection of
manpower
Financial Top Management
Legal function Board of Directors
Chairman
Chief Executive

Middle Management Human Relations

Cooperation Departmental Heads Roles
Integration Counseller
Training & Divisional Heads Linking Pin
development Sectional Heads Motivator
Trainer

Scientific Supervisory Functional

Management Roles
Technician
Management Roles
Planner
Analyser/Researcher Senior Supervisors Leader
Controller Intermediate Supervisors Organiser
Front Line Supervisors Controller
 Roles of Management
• Management roles refers to specific
categories of managerial behavior.
• Mintzberg identifies ten management roles
grouped under three major heads namely
– Interpersonal roles - roles that involve
people and other duties that are ceremonial
and symbolic in nature
– Informational roles - roles that involve
receiving , collecting and disseminating
information
– Decisional roles - roles that revolve around
making choices
Managerial Roles (Henry Mitzberg)

Interpersonal Informational
Roles Roles
Figurehead Monitor
Leader Disseminator
Liaison Spokesperson

Decisional Roles
Entrepreneur
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
Negotiator
Management Skills
 Conceptual Skills
 Human Skills
 Technical Skills
Technical skills - knowledge and proficiency in a
specialized field
Human skills - ability to work well with other
people individually and in a group
Conceptual skills - ability to think and to
conceptualize about abstract and complex
situations
 Relative Skills Needed for Effective
performance at different levels of
Management

Top
CONCEPTUAL
Management

Middle
Management HUMAN

First-line
TECHNICAL
Management