Course : Power System Operation & Control

VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

PSOC : UNIT – III

LOAD FREQUENCY
CONTROL
Presented by
Dr.B.T.RAMAKRISHNA RAO
Assoc.Professor
Department of EEE

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

RECAP

 Optimal Scheduling of Thermal Plants

 Hydrothermal Scheduling

 Unit Commitment

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

OBJECTIVE

Basics of speed governing mechanism and modeling .

Modeling of Turbine

Modeling of Generator or Power system

OUTCOME

 To model speed governing system, turbine and generator

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Load Frequency Control

 Relation between load and frequency

 Necessity of keeping frequency constant

 Steam turbine blades are designed to operate in a narrow band of
frequencies.
 Loads and other electrical equipment are usually designed to

operate at a particular frequency.

 Operation of electric clocks

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

July 30th, 31st Blackout Case study

Report of enquiry committee on grid disturbance in NR on 30th July

and Northern, Eastern and North-Eastern on 31st July, 2012

Thanks to Dr.B.Kalyan Kumar, IIT Madras

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

N
W E E

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Factors that led to the initiation of the Grid Disturbance on 30th & 31st July, 2012
 Weak Inter-regional Corridors due to multiple outages: The system was weakened by multiple
outages of transmission lines in the WR-NR interface. Effectively, 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra (one
circuit) was the only main AC circuit available between WR- NR interface prior to the grid
disturbance.
 High Loading on 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra link: The over drawl by some of the NR utilities,
utilizing Unscheduled Interchange (UI), contributed to high loading on this tie line.
 Inadequate response by SLDCs to the instructions of RLDCs to reduce over drawl by the NR
utilities and under drawal/excess generation by the WR utilities.
 Loss of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior link: Since the interregional interface was very weak, tripping of 400
kV Bina-Gwalior line on zone-3 protection of distance relay caused the NR system to separate
from the WR. This happened due to load encroachment (high loading of line resulting in high line
current and low bus voltage). However, there was no fault observed in the system.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Brief Sequence of Events leading to the Grid Collapse on 30th and 31st July 2012
 On 30th July, 2012, after NR got separated from WR due to tripping of 400 kV Bina-
Gwalior line, the NR loads were met through WR-ER-NR route, which caused
power swing in the system. Since the center of swing was in the NR-ER interface,
the corresponding tie lines tripped, isolating the NR system from the rest of the
NEW grid system. The NR grid system collapsed due to under frequency and further
power swing within the region.
 On 31st July, 2012, after NR got separated from the WR due to tripping of 400 kV
Bina-Gwalior line, the NR loads were met through WR-ER-NR route, which caused
power swing in the system. On this day the center of swing was in the ER, near ER-
WR interface, and, hence, after tripping of lines in the ER itself, a small part of ER
(Ranchi and Rourkela), along with WR, got isolated from the rest of the NEW grid.
This caused power swing in the NR- ER interface and resulted in further separation of
the NR from the ER+NER system.
Subsequently, all the three grids collapsed due to multiple tripping attributed to
the internal power swings, under frequency and overvoltage at different places.
 The WR system, however, survived due to tripping of few generators in this
region on high frequency on both the days.
 The Southern Region (SR), which was getting power from ER and WR, also
survived on 31st July, 2012 with part loads remained fed from the WR and the
operation of few defense mechanisms.
 On both the days, no evidence of any cyber attack has been found by the committee
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Steam

Lower
Speed changer

B C D
Raiser l2 l3 E To Turbine
l1
l4
A Steam valve
Pilot valve

High pressure oil Main piston

Speed Governor

Hydraulic amplifier

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Fundamentals of Speed Governing System

Fly ball governor

Hydraulic amplifier

Linkage mechanism

Speed changer

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

 Fly ball speed governor:

 This is the heart of the system which senses the change in speed(frequency).
 As the speed increases the fly ball move outwards and the point B on linkage
mechanism moves downwards. The reverse happens when the speed
decreases.
 Hydraulic amplifier:
 It consists of pilot value and main piston.
 Low power level pilot value movement is converted into high power level
pilot value.
 This is necessary in order to open or close the steam value against high
pressure system.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Linkage mechanism:
 ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B, CDE in another rigid link pivoted at D.
 This link mechanism provides a movement to control value in
proportion to the change in speed.
Speed Changer:
 It provides a steady state power output setting for the turbine.
 Its downward movement opens the upper pilot value so that more
steam is admitted to the turbine under steady state condition.
 The reverse happens for upward movement of speed changer.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Mathematical Modelling of Speed Governing System

Let the operating conditions be characterised by
f 0 – System frequency (Speed)
PG0 – Generator output = Turbine output
yE0 – Steam valve setting
Let point A move downwards by ΔyA, this sets a command signal to change the power by ΔP C
i.e., ΔyA= KC ΔPC ------- (1)
The movement of C is contributed by ΔyA & ΔyB
i.e., ΔyC = - K1 KC ΔPC + ΔyB
ΔyC = - K1 KC ΔPC + K2 Δf ------- (2)
The movement of D is contributed by ΔyC & ΔyE
i.e., ΔyD = K3 ΔyC + K4 ΔyE ------- (3)
ΔyE = K5 ------- (4)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Applying Laplace Transform to (2), (3) & (4)

ΔYC(s) = - K1KC ΔPC(s) + K2 ΔF(s) ------- (5)
ΔYD(s) = - K3ΔYC(s) + K4 ΔYE(s) ------- (6)
ΔYE(s) = - [ K5 ΔYD(s)] / s ------- (7)
Eliminating ΔYC(s) & ΔYD(s)
ΔYE(s) = [ K1K3KC ΔPC(s) – K2K3 ΔF(s) ] / [ K4+ s/K5 ] ------- (8)
ΔYE(s) = [ ΔPC(s) – 1/R ΔF(s) ] * [ Ksg / (1+ sTsg )] ------- (9)
Where, R = K1KC / K2 ----- Speed Regulation of the governor
Ksg = K1 K3 KC / K4 ----- Gain of the Speed governor
Tsg = 1 / K4K5 ----- Time constant of speed governor

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

 Speed Governor
 The governor compensates for changes in the shaft speed
 Changes in load will eventually lead to a change in shaft speed
 Change in shaft speed is also seen as a change in system frequency

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Turbine model
 The prime mover driving a generator unit may be a steam turbine or a hydro
turbine.
 The models for the prime mover must take account of the steam supply and
boiler control system characteristics in the case of steam turbine on the penstock
for a hydro turbine
 The dynamic response of steam turbine in terms of changes in generator power

output ΔPG to change in steam valve opening ΔYE

KT / (1+S TT )

ΔYE (s) ΔPG (s)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Generator load or Power system model

 To develop the mathematical model of an isolated generator, which is only supplying
local load and is not supplying power to another area,
 Suppose there is a real load change of ΔPD .
 Due to the action of the turbine controllers, the generator increases its output by an

amount ΔPG .
 The net surplus power (ΔPG - ΔPD ) will be absorbed by the system in two ways.
 By increasing the kinetic energy in the rotor at the rate

 As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to speed, the rate of
change of load w.r.t frequency f

 D can be treated as constant for small changes in frequency & (δPD / δf) Δf = D.Δf
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

D can be obtained empirically:

Power balance equation PG  PD  2 H Pr . d f  D.f
f0 dt

2 H Pr d
PG p.u  PD p.u  . f  Dp.u.f
f 0 dt

Applying Laplace transform

PG s   PD s 
F s  
2 H .s
D
f0
Kps
F s  [PG s   PD s ].( )
1  s.Tps
1
Where, Kps  D -- Power system gain
2H
Tps  -- Power system time constant
Df 0

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Generator load or Power system model

𝛥 𝑃𝐷 ( 𝑠 )

𝛥 𝑃𝐺 ( 𝑠 ) - 𝐾𝑝𝑠 𝛥 𝐹 (𝑠 )
+
( 1+𝑠 .𝑇𝑝𝑠 )

Kps
F s  [PG s   PD s ]
(1  s.Tps )

-
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Model of Load frequency control of single area

Complete Block diagram representation of LFC

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

Topics to be discussed in the next lecture

 Speed-load characteristics

 Load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel

 Control area concept

 LFC control of a single-area system

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course : Power System Operation & Control
Unit – 3 :: Load Frequency Control
VIGNAN’S
Institute of engineering for women

THANK YOU

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering