Digital Signal Processing

 COURSE CODE: BEC502

 CREDITS: 4
 TEACHING HOURS/WEEK(L:T:P:S)= 3:0:2:0
 Signals, System and Signal Processing

 Signal: A signal is the variation of physical quantity with respect to one or more
independent variable.
 It varies with time, space, or any other independent variables.
 It is a function which carries some information.
 Examples

 S (t) = 5t,
The function varies linearly with the independent variable, t (time)

 S (x, y) = 3x + 2xy + 10y2,

Two independent variables, x, y.
 Characteristics of Signals

 A sign wave has three characteristics:

 Amplitude
 Frequency or period
 Phase
Where,
Ai (t)= Amplitude, Fi (t)=Frequency,i(t)=Phase
𝑁

෍ 𝐴𝑖ሺ 𝑡ሻ 𝑆𝑖𝑛[2𝜋𝐹𝑖ሺ 𝑡ሻ 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖(𝑡)]

𝑖=1
 System

 A physical device that performs an operation on signal.

 Example: Filters.

 A filter used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a desired information-bearing
signal is called a system.
 Signal Processing

 When we pass a signal through a system, as in filtering, we say that we have processed
the signal. In this case the processing of the signal involves filtering the noise and
interference from the desired signal.

 In general, the system is characterized by the type of operation that it performs on the
signal. Such operations are usually referred to as signal processing.
Basic Elements of a Digital
Signal Processing
System

Analog input signal Analog Signal Analog output signal

Processing

Fig: Analog Signal Processing

Block Diagram of a Digital Signal Processing

Analog Input A/D Digital Signal Analog output

D/A Converter
signal Converter Processor signal

Digital Input Digital Output

signal signal

Fig: Block Diagram of a digital signal processing

 Advantages of digital over analog signal processing

 Digital signal processing operations can be changed by changing the program in digital programmable
 Better control of accuracy in digital systems compared to analog systems.
 Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media such as magnetic tape without loss of quality of reproduction of
signal.
 Digital signals can be processed off line, i.e., these are easily transported.
 Sophisticated signal processing algorithms can be implemented by DSP method.
 Digital circuits are less sensitive to tolerances of component values.
 Digital systems are independent of temperature, ageing and other external parameters.
 Digital circuits can be reproduced easily in large quantities at comparatively lower cost..
 Processor characteristics during processing, as in adaptive filters can be easily adjusted in digital implementation.
 Classification of Signals

 Multichannel and Multidimensional signals

 Continuous-Time versus Discrete-Time signals
 Continuous-Valued versus Discrete-Valued Signals
 Deterministic versus Random signals
 Multichannel and Multidimensional signals

 Multichannel Signals:
 Signals which are generated by multiple sources or multiple sensors are called multichannel signals.
 These signals are represented by vector
S(t) = [(S1(t) S2(t) S3 (t)]
Above signal represents a 3-channel signal.
 Multidimensional signals:
 A signal is called multidimensional signal if it is a function of M independent variables.
 For example : Speech signal is a one dimensional signal because amplitude of signal depends upon
single independent variable, namely, time.
 Continuous-Time Signals

 Defined for every values of time.

 Take on values in the continuous interval ( a, b)
where, a can be -∞ and b can be ∞
 Function of a continuous variable
 Example: x (t) = sinπt
 Discrete-Time Signal

 Defined only at discrete instants of time.

 A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as,
X(n) = --------------(1)
where, n = Integer variable, A= Amplitude,

= Frequency in radians/sample, = Phase in radian.

So the equation (1) becomes,

X(n) =,
Continuous-Valued Signals versus
Discrete-Valued signals

 If a signal tak es on all possible values on a finite or an infinite range,

itis said to be continuous valued signal.
 Alternatively , if the signal takes on values from a finite set of possible
values, it is said to be a discrete-valued signal.
 A discrete-time signal having a set of discrete values is called a digital
signal.
 Sampling: Conversion of a continuous- time signal into a discrete-time signal obtained
by taking “samples” of the continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants.
 Now,
X(n) =
= Here, T= Sampling Interval= 1/Fs for sample
=
=
Where, F= Fundamental Frequency= cycles/s
Fs= Sampling Frequency= samples/s
f= Normalized frequency= cycles/ samples
 Digital Signal

 Quantization: Conversion of a discrete-time continuous-valued signal into a discrete-time,

discrete-valued (Digital) signal.

5.6 7.2 8.3 9.6

6 7 8 10  sampling, quantized value
5.6-6= -0.4 7.2-7= 0.2 8.3-8= 0.3 9.6-10= -0.4

Quantization Error Quantization Error

Deterministic Versus Random
Signals
 Any signal that can be uniquely described by an explicit mathematical expression ,a
table of data , or a well-defined rule is called deterministic.

 This term is used to emphasize the fact that all past, present, and future values o f the
signal are known precisely, without any uncertainity .

 There are signals that either cannot be described to any reasonable degree of
accuracy by explicit mathematical formulas, o r such a description is too complicated
to be of any practical use. The lack of such a relationship implies tha t such signals
evolve in time in an unpredictable manner. We refer to these signals as random . The
output of a noise generator,the seismic signal , and th e speech signal are examples of
random signals.
THE CONCEPT OF FREQUENCY IN CONTINUOUS-
TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
1)Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
 A simple harmonic oscillation is mathematically described by the follow ing
continuous-time sinusoidal signal:

 The subscript a used with x(t)denotes an analog signal.

 This signal is completely characterized by three parameters: A is the amplitude of the
 sinusoid. Ω is the frequency in radians per second (rad/s), and θ is the phase in
 radians. Instead of Ω, we often use the frequency F in cycles per second or hertz
 (H z), where

Ω =2πF
In term s of F can be written as
 W e will use both forms, in representing sinusoidal signals.
The analog sinusoidal signal is characterized by the following properties:
A1: For every fixed value of the frequency F, xa(t) is periodic. Indee d ,
it can
easily be shown, using elementary trigonometry , that
x a(t + Tp ) = xa(t)
where Tp = 1/F is the fundamental period of the sinusoidal signal.
A 2. Continuous-time sinusoidal signals with distinct(different)
frequencies are
themselves distinct.

A 3. Increasing the frequency F results in an increase in the rate of

oscillation
of the signal, in the sense that more periods are included in a given time
interval.
The relationships we have described for sinusoidal signals carry over to the
class of complex exponential signals

This can easily be seen by expressing these signals in terms of sinusoids using the
Euler identity
 Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signal

A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as

where n is an integer variable, called the sample number. A is the amplitude of the
sinusoid, ω is the frequency in radians per sample, and θ is the phase in radians.
If instead of ω we use the frequency variable f defined by

ω=2πf
the relation

becomes
properties


 Sin(.1)= = =
 Sin(.2)=
 Problem: Sin() , find fundamental period.
Solution:

L.C.M= 20
So, N= 20 (Fundamental Period).
 Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple of 2.
 B 3. The highest rate o f oscillation in a discrete-time sin u s o
id is attained when ω=π or(ω=-π) or equivalently, f=1/2 or(f=-
1/2)
 To illustrate this property , let us investigate the characteristics of the
sinusoidal signal sequence
w hen the freq u e n cy varies from 0 to π .

To simplify the argument, we take values of (ωo = 0, π/8, π/4 , π/2 , π corresponding
to f= 0, 1/16,1/8,1/4,1/2 which result in periodic sequences having periods N = ∞,16,
8, 4, 2. as depicted in Fig..
We note that the period of the sinusoid decreases as the frequency increases.
In fact,we can see that the rate o f oscillation increases as the frequency increases.
Discrete Time Signal & System

 1, for n=1,3
Functional Representation:
x(n)=4, for n=2
0, elsewhere

 Sequence Representation: x(n)= {1, 2, -1, 3, -2, 1}

 Some Elementary Discrete-time Signal

 Unit Sample Sequence/Unit Impulse Response: It is denoted by where,

= 1, for n
0, for n

 Unit Step signal: It is denoted by u where,

u(n)= 1, for n 0
0, for n
 Unit ramp signal: It is denoted by ur(n) where,

ur(n)= n, for n
0, for n< 0

 The exponential signal:

x(n) = an
 Classification of Discrete-time Signal

 Energy Signals: The energy E of a signal x(n) is defined by,

 The energy of a signal can be finite or infinite.

 If E is finite (0 < E < ), then x(n) is called an energy signal.

 Power Signals: The average power of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by,

P=
 If we define the signal energy of x(n) over the finite interval -Nn as,

Then the signal energy E is,

E
and The average power of the signal x(n) is,
P=
Periodic signals and aperiodic
signals.

 A signal x(n) is periodic with period N ( N > 0) if and only if

x(n+N)=x(n) for all n
The smallest value of N for which the above eqn holds is called the
(fundamental) period.
 If there is no value of N that satisfies above eqn, the signal is called
nonperiodic or aperiodic.
Symmetric (even) and
antisymmetric (odd) signals.

 A real valued signal x(n) is called symmetric (even) if

x(-n)=x(n)
 On the other hand , a signal x( n ) is called antisymmetric (odd) if
x(-n)=-x(n)
 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

 A discrete-time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete -

time signal,called the input or excitation, according to some well-defined
rule, to produce an other discrete-tim e signal called the output or response
of the system .
In general,
 We view a system as an operation or a set of operations performed on the
input signal x(n) to produce the output signal y(n). We say that the input
signal x(n) is transformed by the system in to a signal y(n), and express the
general relationship between x(n) and y(n) as
y(n)=Τ[x(n)]

 where the symbol T denotes th e transformatio n (also called an operator),

or processing performed by the system on x(n) to produce y(n).
Block Diagram Representation of
Discrete-Time Systems

 An adder. Figure illustrates a system (adder) that performs the

addition of two signal sequences to form another (the sum)
sequence, which we denote