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Atomic Structure

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Atomic Structure

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sjaveria337
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Atomic Structure

Models of The Atom


1863- John
Dalton pictures
atoms as tiny,
indestructible
particles, with
no internal
structure.
Models of the Atom
• 1897- J.J. Thomson,
a British scientist,
discovers the
electron. The later
leads to his “Plum
Pudding” model.
He pictures
electrons
embedded in a
sphere of positive
electrical charge.
Models Of the Atom
• 1911- Ernest
Rutherford finds
that an atom has
a small, dense,
positively
charged nucleus.
Electrons move
around the
nucleus.
Models of the Atom
• 1913- Neils
Bohr’s model,
the electron
moves in a
circular orbit
at fixed
distances from
the nucleus.
The Bohr Model
• Bohr proposed that an electron is
found only in specific circular paths,
or orbits, around the nucleus.
• Each orbit has a fixed energy called
energy levels.
• These ladder steps are
somewhat like energy
levels.
• quantum of energy

Nucleus
• To move from one
energy level to
another an electron
must gain or lose just
the right amount of
energy.
Nucleus
Models Of the Atom
• 1926- Erwin
Schrodinger
develops
mathematical
equations to
describe the motion
of electrons in
atoms. His work
leads to the
electron cloud
model.
Key Concept!!!
• The Quantum
Mechanical model
determines the
allowed energies an
electron can have
and how likely it is
to find the electron
in various locations
around the nucleus.
• Here is a quantum mechanical
picture of an Hydrogen atom.
The nucleus is not shown, but
is located at the center of the
picture.
• Here are some things to
notice:
• Like the heads you can see
where the electron is most
likely to be: near the
nucleus (the center of the
picture).
• You can't tell exactly where
the electron is, just where it is
most likely to be.
• The individual dots are not
electrons. They are meant to
be used in the context of how
dense, or heavy an area of
dots appears.
• The more crowded (or heavier
packed) the dots are in a
particular region, the better
chance you have to finding
your electron there.
Atomic Orbitals
• An atomic orbital is often
thought of as a region of
space in which there is a
high probability of finding
an electron.
• Each energy level
corresponds to an orbital
of a different shape.
• The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals
depend on the energy sublevel.
• (n=1) has only one sublevel, called 1s.

• (n=2) has two sublevels, 2s and 2p. Thus, the


second energy level has four orbitals: 2s,
2px,2py,2pz.

• (n=3) has three sublevels, 3s,3p and 3d. Thus


the third energy level has nine orbitals: one 3s,
three 3p, and five 3d.

• (n=4) has four sublevels, 4s,4p,4d, and 4f.


Thus the fourth energy level has 16 orbitals:
one 4s, three 4p, five 4d, and seven 4f orbitals.
Maximum # of Electrons
• Energy level n Max. # of electrons
• 1 2
• 2 8
• 3 18
• 4 32
5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms
• The ways in which electrons are
arranged in various orbitals around
the nuclei of atoms are called
electron configurations.
Aufbau Principle

• Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest


energy first.
A. General Rules
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
– Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with
opposite spins.
Hund’s Rule
• Electrons occupy orbitals of the same
energy in a way that makes the number of
electrons with the same spin direction as
large as possible.
A. General Rules
• Hund’s Rule
– Within a sublevel, place one e- per orbital
before pairing them.
– “Empty Bus Seat Rule”

WRONG RIGHT
B. Notation
• Orbital Diagram

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
• Electron Configuration

1s 2s 2p
2 2 4
B. Notation
• Longhand Configuration

S 16e 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
- 2 2 6 2 4

Core Valence
Electrons Electrons
• Shorthand Configuration

S 16e -
[Ne] 3s 3p
2 4
C. Periodic Patterns
• Example - Hydrogen

1st
1s 1 column
of s-
1st s- block
Practice, Practice, Practice!!!
• Write the electron configurations for each
atom.
• Carbon
• Argon
• Nickel
5.3 Physics and the QMM
Light
• The Quantum mechanical model grew out
of the study of light.
• Isaac Newton tried to explain what was
known about the behavior of light by
assuming that light consists of particles.
• By the year 1900, there was enough
evidence to say that light consists of
waves.
The wavelength of light are
inversely proportional to each
other.
Calculating the wavelength of light

•When atoms absorb energy,


electrons move into higher energy
levels, and these electrons lose energy
by emitting light when they return to
lower energy levels.
Atomic Emission Spectrum

•The emission spectrum of each


element is like a person’s fingerprint.
Explanation of Atomic Spectra
• The lowest possible energy of the
electron is the ground state.
The light emitted by an electron moving
from a higher to a lower energy level
has a frequency directly proportional
to the energy change of the electrons.

E=hxv
h= 6.626 x 10^ -34 J.s
The Quantum Mechanical Model
• After Max Planck determined that
energy is released and absorbed by
atoms in certain fixed amounts known
as quanta, Albert Einstein took his
work a step further,determining that
radiant energy is also quantized—he
called the discrete energy packets
photons. Einstein’s theory was that
electromagnetic radiation (light, for
example) has characteristics of both a
wave and a stream of particles.
Quanta of Light
Quantum Mechanics
• Classical mechanics adequately
describes the motions of bodies much
larger than atoms, while quantum
mechanics describes the motions of
subatomic particles and atoms as
waves.
• The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
states that it is impossible to know
exactly both the velocity and the
position of a particle at the same time.

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