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Lec3b Extra-Models

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Abeesha Shaikh
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10 views

Lec3b Extra-Models

Uploaded by

Abeesha Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Models and Architectures

Dr Muhammad Ali Nizamani,


Assistant Professor, Information Technology,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 1


Objectives

• Learn the basic design of a graphics


system
• Introduce pipeline architecture
• Examine software components for an
interactive graphics system

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 2


Image Formation Revisited

• Can we mimic the synthetic camera model


to design graphics hardware software?
• Application Programmer Interface (API)
­ Need only specify
• Objects
• Materials
• Viewer
• Lights

• But how is the API implemented?

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 3


Physical Approaches
• Ray tracing: follow rays of light from center of
projection until they either are absorbed by
objects or go off to infinity
­ Can handle global effects
• Multiple reflections
• Translucent objects
­ Slow
­ Must have whole data base
available at all times

• Radiosity: Energy based approach


­ Very slow

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 4


Practical Approach

• Process objects one at a time in the order


they are generated by the application
­ Can consider only local lighting
• Pipeline architecture

application display
program
• All steps can be implemented in hardware
on the graphics card
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 5
Vertex Processing

• Much of the work in the pipeline is in converting


object representations from one coordinate
system to another
­ Object coordinates
­ Camera (eye) coordinates
­ Screen coordinates
• Every change of coordinates is equivalent to a
matrix transformation
• Vertex processor also computes vertex colors

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 6


Projection

• Projection is the process that combines


the 3D viewer with the 3D objects to
produce the 2D image
­ Perspective projections: all projectors meet at
the center of projection
­ Parallel projection: projectors are parallel,
center of projection is replaced by a direction of
projection

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 7


Primitive Assembly

Vertices must be collected into geometric


objects before clipping and rasterization
can take place
­ Line segments
­ Polygons
­ Curves and surfaces

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 8


Clipping

Just as a real camera cannot “see” the


whole world, the virtual camera can only
see part of the world or object space
­ Objects that are not within this volume are said
to be clipped out of the scene

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 9


Rasterization

• If an object is not clipped out, the appropriate


pixels in the frame buffer must be assigned colors
• Rasterizer produces a set of fragments for each
object
• Fragments are “potential pixels”
­ Have a location in frame bufffer
­ Color and depth attributes
• Vertex attributes are interpolated over objects by
the rasterizer

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 10


Fragment Processing

• Fragments are processed to determine


the color of the corresponding pixel in the
frame buffer
• Colors can be determined by texture
mapping or interpolation of vertex colors
• Fragments may be blocked by other
fragments closer to the camera
­ Hidden-surface removal

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 11


The Programmer’s Interface

• Programmer sees the graphics system


through a software interface: the
Application Programmer Interface (API)

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 12


API Contents

• Functions that specify what we need to


form an image
­ Objects
­ Viewer
­ Light Source(s)
­ Materials
• Other information
­ Input from devices such as mouse and keyboard
­ Capabilities of system

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 13


Object Specification

• Most APIs support a limited set of


primitives including
­ Points (0D object)
­ Line segments (1D objects)
­ Polygons (2D objects)
­ Some curves and surfaces
• Quadrics
• Parametric polynomials
• All are defined through locations in space
or vertices
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 14
Example (old style)

type of object
location of vertex
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glEnd( );

end of object definition

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 15


Example (GPU based)

• Put geometric data in an array


vec3 points[3];
points[0] = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
points[1] = vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
points[2] = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);

• Send array to GPU


• Tell GPU to render as triangle

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 16


Camera Specification

• Six degrees of freedom


­ Position of center of lens
­ Orientation
• Lens
• Film size
• Orientation of film plane

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 17


Lights and Materials

• Types of lights
­ Point sources vs distributed sources
­ Spot lights
­ Near and far sources
­ Color properties
• Material properties
­ Absorption: color properties
­ Scattering
• Diffuse
• Specular

E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 18

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