IMMUNOLOGY 1

BMS545 LECTURE
R
1 DR. FARIZAN BINTI ARIS

COURSE TIME
2 Lecture : Thursday 8.00 940 am DK3 Menara
SAAS
Lab
GOOGLE : Mon 4-6pm, Tue 4-6pm, Fri 8.00 –
11.50am
CLASSROOM
3 Code: 3be3bii
Links:https://classroom.google.com/
c/NjI5ODI2NzQ0NDAw?cjc=3be3bii
CONTACT
4 Mobile : 6019 4578790
Office : 603 55444477
Email : [email protected]
 Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students
should be able to:

2. Determine suitable
immunological
technique(s) to be used in
disease diagnosis and
1. Explain the different quantification of antigens
terminologies used in and
immunology, the functions antibodies ( C4 )
of the various components
of the immune system
( C2 )
3. Conduct
laboratory
experiments in
immunology. ( P4 )
 3

COURSE SYLLABUS
REFER TO THE LESSON PLAN FOR FURTHER DETAILS

1
Introduction to the
2
Cells and Organs
3
Antigens, immunogens
4
Antibodies
Immune system of the immune system and haptens

5 6Cytokines
7Innate Immunity
8
Adaptive Immunity
Immunological Techniques

9
Immunization
 4

COURSE
ASSESSMENT
1 2 3 3
LAB FINAL
TEST REPORT TEST
Selected Weekly Selected
topics 30% report topics 50%
20%
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IMMUNOLOGY

The term ‘immunity’ refers to a

state of protection from
Root word: immune
infectious disease

Derives from the Latin word ‘immunis’ meaning

Immunology is the science that deals with how the body defense
exempt from charges.
system/immune system protect the body against the invasion
harmful agents especially pathogens and their effects.
 HISTORICAL 6

Thucydi TIMELINE
Chine
des
the great Pustules & scabs
se Jenn
historian of the from the smallpox
Peloponnesian patients The er
findings of
War described a Edward Jenner
Inhale or inserted
formed the
plague in into small cuts in basis of
Athens. the skin immunization.
430 1798
5th C
BC
PRESENT DAY

5th C 1718
Turk
s Lady
30% fatality the wife ofMary
the British
Variolation ambassador in Constantinople,
observed the positive effects of
variolation on the native Turkish
population and had the
technique performed on her own
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Child with smallpox

 8

🞆 To test this idea, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy

with fluid from a cowpox pustule and later
intentionally infected the child with smallpox.
🞆 As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox.
🞆 Jenner’s technique of inoculating with cowpox to
protect against smallpox spread quickly through
Europe.
 9

🞆 Nearly a hundred years passed

before this technique was applied to
other diseases.
🞆 The induction of immunity to
cholera In chickens caused by
Pasteurella aviseptica by Louis
Pasteur in 1880.
🞆 Accidental discovery.
1
0
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1

• He called this attenuated strain a vaccine (from the

Latin vacca, meaning “cow”), in honour of Jenner’s
work with cowpox inoculation

• Using attenuated (by heat treatment) Bacillus anthracis,

Pasteur first vaccinated one group of sheep.
• He then challenged the vaccinated sheep, along with some
unvaccinated sheep, with a virulent culture of the anthrax
bacillus.
• All the vaccinated sheep lived and all the unvaccinated
animals died.
• Th ese experiments marked the beginnings of the
discipline of immunology.
• In 1885, Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a
human, a young boy who had been bitten repeatedly
by a rabid dog .
• The boy, Joseph Meister, was inoculated with a series
of attenuated rabies virus preparations.
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2

STUDY QUESTIONS:

1. Why was Jenner’s vaccine superior

to previous methods for conferring
resistance to smallpox?
 1
3

• The most evolved in Aves and

Mammals

▪ The most primitive immune system is found in

coelenterates
 Immunology 1
4

overview

🞆 The immune system is made up 🞆 Increasing clear that elements

of a wide network of interacting of immunity play key roles in
systems. regulating homeostasis in the
body for a healthy balance.

🞆 These components act in a

coordinated manner to prevent
or eliminate microbial
infections, to suppress the
growth of tumours, and to
initiate repair of damaged
tissues. 🞆 The immune system overlaps
with many of the other body
🞆 Involves many cells, proteins, systems including the
molecules and genes that are endocrine, nervous, and
distributed in every tissue of metabolic systems with more
the body, as well as specialized connections undoubtedly to be
lymphoid organs and pathways. discovered in time.
IMPORTANCE OF THE IMMUNE 1
5

SYSTEM

1 Provides natural resistance

2
Help in recovery from disease

3
Aid in Acquiring resistance
 1
6

How the immune system carries out

its function?

▪ Preventing entry of foreign

substances
▪ Eliminating them if they
manage to enter the body
▪ Combating and destroying
them if they manage to cause
disease
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7

✔ The immune system normally recognizes and responds to

foreign molecules or damaged self, but not healthy host cells
and tissues.

AGENDA
✔ The process of self-tolerance ensures that the immune system
avoids destroying host tissue.
✔ Protection by the immune system can be divided into two
SLIDE
connected activities i.e recognition and response.

✔ The immune system must be able to distinguish between what is

self and what is non-self (foreign) and respond to eliminate non-
self components thus providing immunity or protection.

✔ Thus a molecular mechanism for differentiating a foreign or non-

self substance from self is vital for the successful operation of the
immune system.
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8

✔ Each response is uniquely suited for eradicating a particular

type of pathogen

AGENDA
✔ Certain exposure can induce memory response.

SLIDE
✔ The response of the immune system to the invasion of
foreign substances is called the immune response.

✔ Foreign substances (non-self) that invoke such a response is

known as antigens (microbes and their products (exotoxin,
enzymes, endotoxin), allergens and helminths.
 Immune system – Dual 1
9

arms
Adaptive
Encoded Non-adaptive
in the Specific
germline

Evolutionar
y primitive
Slower
Cell-to-cell contact
Prevent
infection &
quickly
eliminate
common Innate Adaptive Immunological
invaders Immunity Immunity memory
Recognition elements Soluble messengers
are fast
A second &
Not very specific and a more
are therefore unable to Highly effective first
line of defense comprehen
distinguish between sive line of
small differences in prevents most defense
foreign antigens. pathogens
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0
2
1
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Dysfunctional immune responses

2

▪ Immune dysfunction occurs as a result of improper

regulation that allows the immune system to either
attack something it shouldn’t or fail to attack
something it should.

▪ Healthy immune response involves a balancing act

between immune aggression and immune suppression
pathways.

▪ Three• broad categories of immune dysfunction or

Hypersensiti
failure vity
• Autoimmune
Disease:
• Immunodeficien
cy
• Hypersensitivity:
o Results from inappropriate and overly active
2
immune responses to common harmless 3

environmental
antigens, such as pollen, food, or animal dander (fur,
hair).
o Examples: Allergies and asthma

• Autoimmune Disease:

o erroneous targeting of self proteins or tissues by immune cells

o could be caused by a sudden inability to distinguish between self and non-

self

o Examples ; multiple sclerosis is due to an autoimmune attack on a protein

in nerve sheaths in the brain and central nervous system that results in
neuromuscular dysfunction.

o Crohn’s disease is an attack on intestinal tissues that leads to destruction

of gut epithelia and poor absorption of food

o Rheumatoid arthritis, results from an immune attack on joints of the hands,

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4

• Immunodeficiency

o when a component of innate or adaptive immunity is absent or defective,

the host suffers from some form of immunodeficiency.

o Immune deficiency can arise due to:

i) inherited genetic factors (primary immunodeficiencies)

E.g severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID (bubble boy disease)

ii) disruption/damage by chemical, physical, or biological agents (secondary

immune deficiencies).
Most common form of secondary immunodefiiency is AID; infection HIV
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Rejection of transplants.

▪ The immune system is also responsible for rejection of transplants.

▪ Although tissues from a donor may be the only possible treatment for life threatening
disease, the immune system will attack and reject any transplanted organ that is non-self, or
not a genetic match

▪ Pose as a barrier to this potentially, lifesaving treatment

▪ A challenge to clinicians who treat these patients

▪ A consequence of the immune system functioning properly

Cancer and the Immune 2
6

system
▪ Cancer, or malignancy, results from host cells dividing out of control.

▪ Since self in origin, self-tolerance mechanisms can inhibit the

development of an immune response.

▪ many tumor cells do express unique or developmentally inappropriate

proteins, making them potential targets for immune cell recognition
and elimination, as well as targets for therapeutic intervention.

▪ The increased genetic instability of these rapidly dividing cells gives

them an advantage in terms of evading immune detection and
elimination machinery.

▪ The number of malignant disorders that arise in individuals with

compromised immunity indicates the degree the immune system
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7

A contemporary definition of immunity

“all those mechanisms that provide the

animal with the capacity to recognize
materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize,
eliminate or metabolize them with or without
injury to its tissues”.
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Factors Influencing Qualitiy of Immune

8

Response

i) Genetics between species

▪ Mycobacterium leprae seems to infect humans
and armadillos only
▪ Bacillus anthrax in an infection of humans and not chickens
▪ Gonorrhea is a disease of man and chimpanzees and not
any other species
▪ Some species are able to harbour organisms within their
body tissues without causing infection while the same
organism may
cause another species illness
▪ dark skinned individuals have increase susceptibility to
coccidioidomycosis certain dark skinned people lack the red
cell Duffy coat and are not susceptible to vivax malaria
 2
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ii) Age:
the very young are more susceptible to many infections and the
old are more susceptible to ricketsial infections and certain viral
infections of children

iii) Metabolic:

hypoadrenal and hypothyroid states decrease resistance to

infection

iv) Environment:

poor living condition, overcrowding and under nutrition also

increase susceptibility to infection

v) Lifestyle: smoking, drugs and stress

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0

Group of pathogens
Group of Size Habitat Mode of Doubling
pathogen multiplication time

Virus 20-400um intracellular Intracellular < 1hr

synthesis

Bacteria 1-5 um Extracellular/ Cell fission ≥20mins-2 wks

intracellular

Fungi 2-20um Extracellular Budding/ hours

fission

Protozoa 1-50um Extracellular/ Binary fission/ 6.5-8 hrs

Intracellular asexual

Metazoa 3mm-10m Instestine Lay eggs 200,000-

800000eggs/d
 Stages in disease 3
1

production

▪ Since one of the main role of the immune system is to protect the body from
pathogens, it is therefore essential to know how they cause diseases in order
to understand and relate with the defences against them.

1. Invasion-entry of pathogens into the body

2. Multiplication of pathogens
3. Spread of pathogens
4. Pathogenesis (Production of disease)
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2

1. Invasion-entry of pathogens into the body

Portal of entry:
i) Gastrointestinal tract
ii) Respiratory tract
iii) Genitourinary tract
iv) Skin or mucosa

Penetration of damaged skin or mucosa can occur in a number of ways:

▪ Burns-severe burns can be a major risk of infection with
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas or C.tetanus
▪ Cuts and wounds
▪ Insect bites-disease-malaria, dengue
▪ Animal bites-rabies
▪ Human behaviour-sharing of needles, blood transfusion
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3

2. Multiplication of pathogens
▪ Different pathogens multiply in very different
ways
▪ site of multiplication-some can live and multiply
outside host cells or inside host cells .
▪ The site in which pathogens live and multiply
pose different problems for the immune system
▪ Rate of multiplication- varies depending on type
of pathogens
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4

3. Spread of pathogens
▪ is influenced by whether they live extracellularly ,
intracellularly or both
▪ organisms that live extracellularly are able to spread
via body fluids such a blood
▪ organisms that replicate intracellularly may be able to
leave the cell and spread via extracellular route

Organisms can spread in the following ways:

🞆 Cell to cell contact
🞆 Via blood and lymphatic vessel
🞆 Via body cavities
🞆 Via nervous system
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5

4. Pathogenesis (Production of disease)

Pathogens can cause disease by one or more mechanisms:

i) Secretion of toxins
exotoxins can cause inhibition of protein synthesis, increase in
CAMP- often result in severe oedema, lead to paralysis
(neurotoxin), disrupt cell walls, cause symptoms of shock

ii) Endotoxin-cause fever, drop in blood pressure and others

iii) Direct killing of host cells -by cell lysis

iv) Physical blockage - larger pathogens may cause disease by their

physical presence, for example, elephantiasis caused by filarial
worms, by blocking lympahtic drainage- cause massive swelling of
the breasts and testicles and legs
The complexity immune 3
6

system
▪ The complexity of the immune system is not surprising as:
▪ i) it has to eliminate infectious organisms without
causing damage to the host
▪ ii) it has to deal with a wide range of microorganisms
with different life styles and different ways of causing
diseases at different sites in the body.

▪ Thus to deal with these challenges, hence why the immune

system is made up of a wide network of interacting systems
that involves many cells, proteins, molecules and genes
that are distributed in every tissue of the body, as well as
specialized lymphoid organs and pathways.