0404305- Electricity

and Power Distribution

for Buildings
Dr. Ali Adam
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Sharjah
[email protected]
W9-224

9 – Electric circuit Design for

Lighting
 9. Electric circuit Design
for Lighting
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Definition
9.3 Laws of Illumination
9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts
9.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method
9.6 DEWA Regulation for Lighting Design

2
 Learning objectives
• After completion of this chapter, you should be able to learn:
- Basic knowledge of terminologies used in illumination
- How to apply the laws of illumination to determine the illumination
level at a given point or surface
- Designing lighting schemes for a given place
- Lumen method to design for proper illumination.
- DEWA/SEWA regulations for lighting design

3
 9-1 Introduction
 What is the light & Lighting design:
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy
that radiates from a body and the human
eye can receive it. The wavelength range
of the light is between 380 and 780 nm.
Lighting design is a comprehensive
process aimed at achieving high‐quality
lighting that meets the user's expectations
and complies with current lighting
standards, requirements, and
recommendations
 Introduction
The objectives of the lighting design are to select:
• the proper amount of light flux for a specific sort of task in
the area,
• the types of light sources that can create a comfortable
environment,
• the types and number of luminaires,
• the optimum positioning of the luminaires,
All these objectives must also consider the following
points:
 The efficient/economic/management of the lighting,
 The local Building Regulations that may affect the design
 The need for emergency lighting
 9-2 Basic definitions:
 The following basic definitions and units are generally used to
describe the lighting design:
 Luminous Flux:
The luminous flux is the quantity of light energy emitted per unit of time by a
light source. The unit of luminous flux is “lumen”. (F, Ф)
The luminous efficacy is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical
power consumed (lm/W).
It is a measure of a light source’s economic efficacy

 Solid Angle:
The angle “S” enclosed by the cone at the
cone vertex gives the solid angle. Its value is,

𝐴
𝑆= 2 𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝑟
 Basic definitions
 Luminous Intensity (Candela Power):
The luminous intensity describes the quantity
of light that is radiated in a particular direction.
It is the luminous flux per solid angle, (I)

I 
(cd )
S
Mean Spherical Candle Power
𝜙 𝜙 𝜙
𝐼= lumen = = 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛/ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝐴 𝑠𝑝 h 𝑒𝑟𝑒 4𝜋𝑟
2
4𝜋
2 2
𝑟 𝑟
 Illumination (E):
Illuminance describes the quantity of luminous flux, F, falling on a
certain surface of area A. 𝜙 2
𝐸= lumen /𝑚 =𝑙𝑢𝑥
 Luminance 𝐴
Luminance is the basic lighting parameter that is perceived by the eye.
It describes a light source’s impression of brightness, it depends on the
degree of reflection (color and surface).
L : = cd/m2
Basic definitions

8
 Basic definitions

Summary for Definitions

Name of Quantity Unit Symbol

Luminous Flux lumen Ф or F
Solid Angle steradian S
Luminous Intensity I= Ф/S cd,
candela
Illumination E= Ф/A Lux

Luminance Cd/m2
9-3 Laws of Illumination
 Mainly there are two laws of illumination.
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert's cosine law.
 Inverse square law:
This law states that ‘the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between the surface and a point source
→ E α 1/r2.

 Lambert's cosine law

This law states that ‘illumination, E at any point on a surface is directly
proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal at that point
and the line of flux

 Combing all these factors together, we get 𝐼 cos 

𝐸= 2
lm/m2=lux 𝑟
The above expression makes the determination of illumination possible at
a given point provided that the position and the luminous intensity or
candle power of the source, (or sources), are known.
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
Example1:
Consider a lamp of uniform luminous intensity suspended at a height
h above the working plane as shown in the figure. Let us consider the
value of illumination at point A immediately below the lamp and at
other points B, C, D laying on the working plane at the different
distance from A

Solution:
I
EA  2
,why ?
h
I
EB  cos 1
(LB ) 2
h2 I I h2
EB  2 2
cos 1  2 2
cos 1
h (LB ) h (LB )
I
E B  2 cos3 1 E A cos3 1
h
E c E A cos3 2 , E d E A cos3 3
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
 Example 1: A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is
suspended 8 m above the working plane. Calculate the
illumination at a point on the working plane 6 m away from the
foot of the lamp.

Solution:
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
 Problem 3:
A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is mounted at
a height of h=10 meters above a horizontal surface. Two points A and B
both lie on the surface with point A directly beneath the source. How far
is B from A if the illumination at B is only 1/10 as great as at A
Answer 19.08m
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
Laws Governing Illumination
of Different Sources (without proof)
 As shown before the law governing a point source is given by
I
E  2
cos  lm / m 2
lux
r

 If the line source is of infinite length and uniform intensity, the

illumination at a point laying on a surface parallel to and facing the line
source is given by,
I
E  lm / m 2 lux
2d
Where: I is the luminous intensity normal to the line source (in candles
per unit meter length of the source, and d is the distance between the
line source and the parallel surface
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
Laws Governing Illumination
of Different Sources (without proof)
Line Source Line Source
 For the finite length of the Surface Source
line sources the following
law can be applied

[Fig (a)])
&

(for

Where

where Ф is the total flux of the source in lumens and L is the length of the
line source in meter
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
Laws Governing Illumination
of Different Sources (without proof)
 If the surface source is of infinite area and of uniform brightness, illumination
at any point facing the source is independent of the distance between the
point and the surface source. The illumination is given by
2
𝐸=𝜋 𝑳𝑙𝑚/𝑚 =𝑙𝑢𝑥
L is the luminance of the service in cd/m2

 In case the surface is limited and

rectangular in shape, the illumination is
given by,
L
E  ( 'sin    'sin  )
2
  APD ,  '  BPC ,   APB ,  '  DPC
 9-3 Laws of Illumination
 Eaxmple 3
A showcase is lighted by 4 meters of architectural tubular lamps arranged in
a continuous line and placed along the top of the case. Determine the
illumination produced on a horizontal surface 2 meters below the lamp in a
position directly underneath the center of the 4 m length of the lamps on the
assumption that tubular lamps emit 1880 lm per meter

Solution

 1880* 4
I  2  2 188cd / m
 L 1  * 4 0
 tan (2 / 2) 45
I 188
E  (sin 2  2 )  (sin 90   / 2) 121 lm / m 2 lux
2d 4
Recommended Lighting Levels in Buildings - Archtoolbox

ROOM TYPE LIGHT LEVEL LIGHT LEVEL

(FOOT (LUX)
CANDLES)

Cafeteria - Eating 20-30 FC 200-300 lux Library - Stacks 20-50 FC 200-500 lux
Classroom - General 30-50 FC 300-500 lux Library - Reading / 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
Studying
Conference Room 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
Loading Dock 10-30 FC 100-300 lux
Corridor - General 5-10 FC 50-100 lux Lobby - Office/General 20-30 FC 200-300 lux

Corridor - Hospital 5-10 FC 50-100 lux Locker Room 10-30 FC 100-300 lux
Lounge / Breakroom 10-30 FC 100-300 lux
Dormitory - Living 20-30 FC 200-300 lux
Quarters
Mechanical / Electrical 20-50 FC 200-500 lux
Exhibit Space 30-50 FC 300-500 lux Room
(Museum)
Gymnasium - Exercise 20-30 FC 200-300 lux Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
/ Workout
Office - Private / Closed 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
Gymnasium - Sports / 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
Games Parking - Interior 5-10 FC 50-100 lux
Kitchen / Food Prep 30-75 FC 300-750 lux
Restroom / Toilet 10-30 FC 100-300 lux
Laboratory 50-75 FC 500-750 lux
(Classroom) Workshop 30-75 FC 300-750 lux
Laboratory 75-120 FC 750-1200 lux Stairway 5-10 FC 50-100 lux
(Professional) Storage Room - General 5-20 FC 50-200 lux

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 Category Type Overall luminous Overall luminous
efficacy (lm/W) efficiency[note 1]
Combustion Gas mantle 1–2[14] 0.15–0.3%
15, 40, 100 W tungsten incandescent (230 V) 8.0, 10.4, 13.8[15][16][17][18] 1.2, 1.5, 2.0%
Incandescent
5, 40, 100 W tungsten incandescent (120 V) 5, 12.6, 17.5[19] 0.7, 1.8, 2.6%
100, 200, 500 W tungsten halogen (230 V) 16.7, 17.6, 19.8[20][18] 2.4, 2.6, 2.9%
2.6 W tungsten halogen (5.2 V) 19.2[21] 2.8%
Halogen incandescent Halogen-IR (120 V) 17.7–24.5[22] 2.6–3.5%
Tungsten quartz halogen (12–24 V) 24 3.5%
Photographic and projection lamps 35[23] 5.1%
LED screw base lamp (120 V) 102[24][25][26] 14.9%
5–16 W LED screw base lamp (230 V) 75–210[27][28] 11–30%
Light-emitting diode 21.5 W LED retrofit for T8 fluorescent tube (230 V) 172[29] 25%
Theoretical limit for a white LED with phosphorescence color mixing 260–300[30] 38.1–43.9%
Carbon arc lamp 2–7 [31]
0.29–1.0%
Xenon arc lamp 30–90[32][33][34] 4.4–13.5%
Mercury-xenon arc lamp 50–55[32] 7.3–8%
Arc lamp
Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) mercury-vapor arc lamp, free mounted 58–78[35] 8.5–11.4%

Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) mercury-vapor arc lamp, with reflector for projectors 30–50[36] 4.4–7.3%
32 W T12 tube with magnetic ballast 60[37] 9%
9–32 W compact fluorescent (with ballast) 46–75[18][38][39] 8–11.45%[40]
T8 tube with electronic ballast 80–100[37] 12–15%
Fluorescent PL-S 11 W U-tube, excluding ballast loss 82[41] 12%
T5 tube 70–104.2[42][43] 10–15.63%
70–150 W inductively-coupled electrodeless lighting system 71–84[44] 10–12%
1400 W sulfur lamp 100[45] 15%
Metal halide lamp 65–115[46] 9.5–17%
Gas discharge High-pressure sodium lamp 85–150[18] 12–22%
Low-pressure sodium lamp 100–200[18][47][48] 15–29%
Plasma display panel 2–10[49] 0.3–1.5%
Cathodoluminescence Electron stimulated luminescence 30–110[50][51] 15%
Truncated 5800 K black-body[note 3] 251[8] 37%
Ideal sources
Green light at 555 nm (maximum possible luminous efficacy by definition) 683.002[11] 100%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy 19
9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Lay-outs
 A well-designed lighting scheme is one which
- provides adequate illumination,
- avoids glare and hard shadows,
- provides sufficiently uniform distribution of light over working-place,
 In the design process it is highly important to determine the number,
size, and proper arrangement of lamps to produce the required
uniform illumination over a certain area.
 Two factors are specially important in the design procedure, these
are Utilization and depreciation factors, which are defined as follows:
Utilization Factor:
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑈𝐹=
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔h𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
 The value of this factor is influenced by
- type of lighting, direct or indirect
- the mounting height
- the color and surface of walls and ceiling
- to some extent the dimensions of the room
 9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts
Depreciation Factor (P)

illumination under actual condition

P
illuminationwhen everything is perfectly clean
 Considering these two factors; the total flux emitted from the
perfect lighting is given by,
𝐸∗ 𝐴
𝜑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑈𝐹 ∗ 𝑃
 Example 4:
A room 8mX12m is lighted by 15 lamps with uniform illumination of 100
lm/m2. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given that the output
of each lamp is 1600 lumens

Solution:
lumens emitted by lamps 15*1600 24000 lm
lumnes received by working  place 8*12 *100 9600
utilization factor 9600 / 24000 0.4 or 40%
 9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts
 Example 5:
The illumination in a drawing office 30 mx10m is to have a value of 250 lux and
is to be provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient of
utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor 0.9, determine the number of lamps
required. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W

𝐸𝐴
𝜑𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= =208,333𝑙𝑚
𝑈𝐹∗𝑃
 9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts
 Example 6:
 A drawing hall in an engineering college is to be provided with a lighting
installation. The hall is 30mx20mx8m(height). The mounting height is 5 m
and the required level of illumination is 144 lm/m2. Using metal filament
lamps, estimate the size and number of single lamp luminaries and draw
their spacing layout.
 Assume: Utilization factor = 0.6; Depreciation factor = 0.75
- Space/height ratio = 1; lumen/watt for 300W-lamp = 13 lumen, or
lumen/watt for 500W-lamp = 16
Solution:

𝐸𝐴 86400
𝜑 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒= = =192000𝑙𝑚
𝑈𝐹∗𝑃 0.6∗0.75 (Option1)
 9.4 Design of Lighting Schemes and Layouts

EA 86400
source   192000 lm
 P 0.6*0.75
192000
required watt for 500W  lamp  12000W
16
12000 (Option2)
no of lamps for 500W  lamp  24 lamps
500
 Based on the required space/height ratio and the dimensions of this hall,
the more suitable design is 24 lamps of 500 Watt which achieve spacing of
5 meters between lamps
9.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method

Consider the shown dimensions of the targeted room where:

L = length of the room
W = width of the room 25
Hm = height of luminaire above the horizontal reference plane
 9.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method
To determine the number of the required luminaires and luminaires
distribution for a given illumination needed on the working horizontal
plane, the following steps can be followed:

1. Determine the recommended value of illumination in lux (EAV).

2. Select the type of Luminaire to suit the working plan.

3. Calculate the room index “RI”, Utilization factor “UF”, and the
maintenance factor /or the light loss factor (MF, LLF).
Note: UF is determined from the manufacturer's data, using the room index and effective
reflectances,

4. Calculate the required number of Luminaires using the following:

26
 9.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method
5. Determine the minimum spacing between the luminaires
Minimum spacing = SHR * Hm
SHR= Space to height ratio.=
6. Determine the number of required rows of luminaire along the width
of the room (RowsLuminaire )
RowsLuminaire = W/ Minimum spacing
7. Determine the Number of luminaires in each row (Nrow)
Nrow = N / RowsLuminaire
8. Determine the Axial spacing along the luminaire
Axial spacing= L/ Nrow
9. Transverse spacing between the luminaires
Transverse spacing = W/ Rows

References:
/http://ibse.hk/SBS5312/SBS5312_1718_05-lighting_calculations.pdf
/https://bseclass.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2-basic-lighting-design.pdf
27
 9.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method

• Example:
An office has a length of 20m, width=10m, and height=3 m. The ceiling to
desk height is 2m. The area is to be illuminated to a general of 250 lux
using a twin lamp 32-watt CFL Luminaire with an SHR of 1.25.
• Assume each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumens per watt,
Maintenance Factor of 0.63, and UF of 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office.

28
 19.5 Determining Illumination by the Lumen Method

Solution:
Step1:- Find the required lux level: the required lux level is 250 Lux
Step2:-Select the luminaire: as given in the problem (twin lamp 32-watt
CFL Luminaire ); the total wattage of the luminaire 32*2= 64 watt
Step3:- determine room index and UF
• RI=20*10/[(20+10)*2]=3.333 RI= L*W/[(L+W)*Hm]
• Room Index Where Hm is the vertical distance between the
working plane and luminaire
• UF=0.69 (given)
Step4:- the required number of luminaires

• Where F is the luminous flux from each lamp

• F*K=(Lumen per watt*watt per lamb*number of lamp)
• = 85*32*2=5440 lumens
• N=250*(20*10)/(5440*0.63*0.69)=21.14 Luminaire
29
5. Determine the minimum spacing between the luminaires
Minimum spacing = SHR * Hm
1.25*2.0=2.5 m
6. Determine the number of required rows of luminaire along the width
of the room (RowsLuminaire )
RowsLuminaire = 10/ 2.5=4 rows
7. Determine the Number of luminaires in each row (Nrow)
Nrow = 21 / 4=5 Luminaire per row
8. Determine the Axial spacing along the luminaire
Axial spacing= L/ Nrow = 20/5=4m
9. Transverse spacing between the luminaires
Transverse spacing = W/ Rows =10/4=2.5

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Problem: An office measures 10*7 m with a floor-to-ceiling height of
3m. The working plane height of the office is 0.8m. The office is being
used for general office duties including some computer use. Determine
the number of luminaires required in this office

31
 Illumination of ITS Lab by the Lumen Method

The recommended value of illumination for a general working area of ITS Lab is E Av = 200 lux.
Type of Luminaire
- Thorn T8, 58W linear fluorescent, 3800K, 5200 lm Lamp.
- Thorn Round line, Luminance with aluminum Louvers, twin lamp.
The Room Index (RI)
24 x 10.8
RI = 2.7 (24 + 10.8) = 2.76 ≈ 3.
The Reflection of room surface.
Ceiling: Wall: Floor
50% : 30%: 20%.
The Utilization Factor UF = 0.6 (from the UF Table)
The Maintenance Factor.
MF = 0.7 (assume)
The calculated Number of Luminaries.
EAv x Area
N = F x K x UF X MF
200 x 259.2 .
= 5200 x 2 x 0.6 x 0.7

= 12 luminaries.

32
Illumination of Its Lab
2.5m

4m __ ___

10.8 m 5m

--- 2m

24.0 m

33
 1.67 m

3m __

10.0 m 3.33 m

___

1.5m

12.0 m

34
9.6 DEWA Regulation for lighting design
 All lighting and fan circuits shall generally be installed within maximum
load per circuit within 600 Watt and circuit breaker 6A (1.5 mm 2 circuit
conductor), or 1200 Watt and circuit breaker rating 10A(2.5 mm 2 circuit
conductor).
 A minimum of 100 watt of power shall be considered for each lighting and
fan point (if not initially selected). Fluorescent lamps may be assessed as
1.8*lamp watt.
 Wherever fittings with discharge light, compact fluorescent lamps, or low-
volt amperes are installed, the circuit breaker rating, circuit conductor
sizes, and number of fittings may be suitably selected based on the
actual load, including losses, for specific applications.
• BS 6004, Electric cables – PVC insulated and PVC sheathed cables for
voltages up to and including 300/500 V, for electric power and lighting
• BS 7211, Electric cables – Thermosetting insulated and thermoplastic
sheathed cables for voltages up to and including 450/750 V for
electric power and lighting and having low emission of smoke and
corrosive gases when affected by fire.
• The vehicular roadway and parking area should be provided with
exterior lighting to illuminate the surface area. Lighting shall be
designed, arranged and installed to confine direct rays within plot
limits and to direct light away from adjacent structures, premises or
streets. Lighting fixtures should be shielded to avoid light pollution.
• Sanitary room: wastage area: Lighting shall be provided with sealed
bulkhead fittings to protect against water from cleaning and
washdown.
• K.5.12.2 Exterior light pollution and controls: Exterior
landscape lighting shall be aimed or shielded to prevent the lighting
of the night sky or neighboring plots.

36
• K.7.3 Exterior lighting pollution
• Permanently installed exterior lighting shall meet the
following requirements.
• a) All exterior light fixtures on the building site, other
than architectural accent lighting, shall be shielded,
• so that the full light emitted by the fixture, either
directly or indirectly by reflection or by refraction
from any part of the fixture, is projected below the
horizontal plane passing through the lowest part of
• the fixture (see Figure K.48).
• b) Architectural accent lighting shall be aimed or
shielded to prevent the lighting of the night sky.
• Wall washing lights shall spill no more than 10% of
the lighting past the building façade.
• K.9.1.7.2 Minimum size of conductors
• The size of the conductor used for lighting circuits shall be not less than
2.5 mm2.
• Switches installed for control of discharge lighting shall have a minimum
current rating that is twice the steady-state continuous current of the
circuits.
• For large groups of lighting, a gang switch shall be provided with a phase
barrier inside the switch boxes. 37
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