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Unit 2 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

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25 views23 pages

Unit 2 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Uploaded by

raissayamen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

AND PERIODIC TABLE

2A: 1. STRUTURE OF THE ATOM AND ISOTOPES


Objectives

 Describe the structure of an atom in terms of electrons, protons and


neutrons
 Differentiate between relative mass and charge of protons, neutrons and
electrons
 Explain the meaning of the terms atomic (proton) number mass number
 Use the atomic number and the mass number to determine the number
of each type of subatomic particle in an atom or ion
 Define the term isotope
Definitions
Introduction
The current understanding of the structure of atoms is influenced by
the theories put forward by scientist such as JJ Thomson, Ernest
Rutherford and James Chadwick
Electrons was discovered by J.J. Thomson Discovered in 1897

Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton in 1917

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932


 Rutherford discovered the proton and he is also credited for first
suggesting that the atom has a very small core containing the bulk of
the mass of the atom. This core is called the nucleus and contains all
of the protons and neutrons in that atom.
 Electrons are also present in atoms. The electrons exist in energy
levels surrounding the nuclei , the energy levels are called quantum
shells
Isotopes
2A. 2 MASS SPECTROMETRY AND RELATIVE MASSES
OF ATOMS, ISOTOPES AND MOLECULES

Definition of terms
 Relative atomic mass
 Mass spectrometer
 Relative isotopic mass
OBJECTIVES

 Understand the basic principles of a mass spectrometer and be


able to analyze and interpret spectra to deduce the isotopic
composition of an element: calculate relative atomic mass from
the relative abundance of isotopes and vice versa ; determine the
relative molecular mass of a molecule and identify molecules in a
sample
 Predict the mass spectra, including relative peak heights, for
diatomic molecules including Chlorine, given the isotopic
abundances
How does a mass spectrometer
work?
1. The sample being analysed must be in the gaseous state so that its particles can move
through the machine. The sample is injected into the mass spectrometer where it is
vaporised
2. The vapour is bombarded with high energy electrons. These electrons collide with the atoms
or molecules of the sample. One or more electrons are removed from the atoms or molecules
to form postisive ionis
3. An electric field cause the positive ions to accelerate
4. The positive ions then enter and are deflected by a uniform magnetic field. The amount of
deflection depends on the mass-to-charge(m/z) ratio of the ions. Ions with a small mass-to-
charge ratio. If all the ions have the same charge, usually 1+, the extent of the deflection is
inversely proportional to their mass
5. The deflected ions pass through a narrow slit and are collected on a metallic plate connected
to an amplifier. For a given strength of magnetic field, only ions with a certain m/z ratio pass
through the slit and are detected. For example, an ion with a mass of 28 and a charge of 1+
will be detected at the same time as an ion with a mass of 56 and a charge of 2+. Both ions
have a m/z ratio
The strength of the magnetic field is then changed to detect positive ions with other m/z ratio
CHECK THE VIDEO ONLINE
Objectives
 Name the different orbital and the region within which an atom that can hold up
to two electrons with opposite spins
 Describe the shapes of s and p orbitals
 Be able to predict the electronic configuration of the atoms of the elements from
hydrogen to krypton inclusive and their ions, using s, p, d notation and electron-
in-boxes notation
 Give the number of electrons that can fill the first four quantum shell
 State the number of electrons that occupy s, p and d sub shells
Definitions
 Quantum shell : the energy level of an electron
 Orbital : a region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins
 Electronic configuration : the number of electrons in each sub-shell in each energy
level of the atom
 Hund’ rule : Electron will occupy the orbitals singly before pairing take place
 Pauli Exclusion principle : state that two electrons can not occupy the same orbital
unless they have opposite spins; electron spin is usually shown by using upward and
download and arrows  and 
 Aufbau principle : orbitals of lowest energy are filled first
Max Planck first presented the quantum theory in 1990. We can
use this theory to describe the arrangement of electrons around
the nuclei of atoms.
According to this theory, electrons can only exist in certain well
defined energy level called Quantum shells
All electrons in a quantum shell have similar but not identical
energies
Orbital
It is a region where there is a high probability of finding an electron of a given energy
S Orbital
 Each energy level has one s orbital
 Maximum number of electrons = 2
 Spherical
P Orbitals
Each energy level has three degenerate p orbitals that is 3 orbital of equal energy
Dumb-bell shape

d Orbitals
There are five d orbitals in the d sub-shell.
 ASSIGNMENT : WRITE THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF THE FIRST 30
ELEMENTS

 NOTE : in some element the 4s is filled first before 3d because it has lower energy
than the 3d

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