Industrial Visit Report220 KV Substation, Ichhapur

Date of Visit:26/10/2023
Visiting Institution: Dr.S. and S.S. Ghandhy government engineering college, Surat.

Executive Summary:
The industrial visit to the 220 KV substation at Ichhapur was conducted with the primary
objective of gaining practical insights into the functioning of a high voltage electrical
substation. The visit provided valuable knowledge and hands-on experience to the students
of Electrical engineering Department from Dr.S. and S.S. Ghandhy government
engineering college, Surat.

Introduction:
The 220 KV substation in Ichhapur is a critical part of the region's power distribution
network. It plays a crucial role in receiving high voltage electricity from the generation
station and transforming it to lower voltages suitable for distribution to various parts of the
city.

Observations and Learning :

During the visit, the following observations and learning were made:

1. Substation Layout:
The substation is organized with a clear layout, featuring various sections for transformers,
circuit breakers, control room, and associated equipment. This layout ensures the safe and
efficient operation of the substation

2.Power Transformer:
A static electrical machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
circuit without changing frequency is termed as Power transformer. The transformers
are generally used to step down or step up the voltage level sofa system for
transmission and generation purpose. These transformers are classified into different types
based on their design, utilization purpose , installation methods ,and so on.

3. Instrument Transformer:
The current and voltage transformers are together called as the
Instrument transformers. These are used for installation and maintenance of the current
relays in substations for protection purpose which are normally have low-current ratings
for their operation. Potential transformer is quite similar to the current transformer, but it is
used for taking samples of high voltages of a system for providing low-voltage to the
relays of protection system and also to the low-rating meters for voltage measurement.
From this low-voltage measurement, the actual system’s high voltage can be calculated
without measuring high voltages directly to avoid the cost of the measurement system.
4.Conductors :
The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance(mostly made of
metals such as aluminum and copper)and that allows the flow of electric charge is
called conductor. Conductors permit free movement of the flow of electrons through
Them. These are used for the transmission of power or electrical energy from one
place (generating station)to another place (consumer point where power is consumed
by the loads)through substations. Conductors are of different types and mostly aluminium
conductors are preferred in practical power systems.

5.Insulators:
The metal which does not allow free movement electrons or electric charge is called as
an insulator. Hence ,insulators resist electricity with their high resisting property.
There are different types of insulators such as suspension type, strain type,
stray type, shackle ,pin type and soon. A few types of insulators are shown in the
above figure. Insulators are used for insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with
conductors to avoid short circuit and for other insulation requirements.

6.Isolators:
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section or
the section of a conductor or apart of a circuit of substation meant for repair from a healthy
section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe faults. Hence, it is also
called as a connector or disconnecting switch. There are different types of isolators
used for different applications such as single-break isolator, double-break isolator,
bus isolator, line isolator, etc.

7.Circuit Breakers:
The substation is equipped with high voltage circuit breakers to control the flow of electricity and protect the system
from overloads and faults. We learned about their role in ensuring safety and continuity of power supply.

8. Bus Bars:
The conductor carrying current and having multiple numbers of incoming and
out going line connections can be called as bus bar , which is commonly used in
substations. These are classified into different types like single bus, double bus and
ring bus.

9.Lightning Arrester:
The substation equipment such as conductors, transformers, etc. are always erected
outdoor. Whenever light surges occur then, a high-voltage pass through these
electrical components causing damage to them (either temporary or permanent Therefore, to avoid this difficulty,
lightening arresters are placed to pass the entire lightenings urges to earth. There are other arresters which are used to
ground the switching surges called as surge arresters.

10. Relays:
Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic operation. Relay consists
of the coil which is excited or energized and such that making the contacts of relay closed activates
the relay to break or make the circuit connection. There are different types of relays such as over
current relays, definite time over current relays, voltage relays, auxiliary relays, reclosing relays,
solid state relays, directional relays, inverse time over current relays, microcontroller relays, etc.
The above figure shows some basic relays and their operation.

11. Capacitor Bank:

A Capacitor bank is asset of many identical capacitors connected in series or parallel with in a
enclosure and is used for the power factor correction and basic protection of substation.
These capacitor banks are acts as a source of reactive power, and thus, the
phase difference between voltage and current can be reduced by the capacitor banks.
They will increase the ripple current capacity of the supply. It avoids undesirable
characteristics in the power system. It is the most economical method for maintaining power
factor and of correction of the power lag problems.
12. A distribution transformer or service transformer :
is a transformer that provides the final voltage .
transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage
used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. The invention of a practical
efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible.
Distribution transformers normally have ratings less than 200kVA, although some
national standards can allow for units up to 5000kVA to be described as distribution
transformers. Since distribution transformers are energized for 24hours a day (even
when they don't carry any load), reducing iron losses has an important role in their
design. As they usually don't operate at full load, they are designed to have maximum
efficiency at lower loads.

13. Electricity Meter:

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that
measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an
electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at
customers premises for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing
units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour(kWh).They are usually
read once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are
desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in
some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed
during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost
periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some are as
meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods.

Conclusion

Conclusion The visit to the 220 KV substation in Ichhapor was both educational and informative. It provided students
with a practical understanding of the functioning of a high voltage substation, safety measures, and the importance of
reliable electricity distribution. The experience gained during this visit is invaluable for students pursuing a career in
electrical engineering and related fields. We are grateful to the authorities and staff at the substation for their warm
and for sharing their expertise with us.