CHEMIST

NMDCAT
RY
Lecture #
12
(Gases)
SUBTOPICS:
1. Properties of gases
2. Gas laws
• Boyle’s law • Charles’s • Avogadro’s law
law
3. Significance of absolute zero
4. General gas equation
5. Kinetic molecular theory of gases
6. Difference between real and ideal gases
 1. Properties of Gases
Q: Which of the following properties is/are shown by gases?
A) They have ability to expand and compressibility
B) They exert pressure on the walls of the containers in which they are stored
C) They have low density than that of liquids and solids
D) All of these
Answer Explanation (D)
All of the following properties are shown by gases:
• They have ability to expand and compressibility
• They exert pressure on the walls of the containers in which they are stored
• They have low density than that of liquids and solids
 2. Gas Laws
(a) Boyle’s Law (b) Charle’s Law (c) Avogadro’s Law

Particulars Boyle’s Law Charle’s Law Avogadro’s Law

The volume of a given The volume of the Equal volumes of
mass of a gas is given mass of a all ideal gases at
inversely proportional gas is directly the
Statement to the applied pressure proportional to same
at the temperature and
constant absolute pressure contain
temperature temperature at equal number of
constant pressure molecules
 V/T = K or V1/T1 V/n = K or V1/n1
Mathematical PV = K or P1V1 = P2V2 = V2/T2 = V2/n2
P1
V V P2 V
T2  T1
T2

Graphical T1 P2  P1
verification P
T n
After plotting graph After plotting graph At STP, the weight of
between P and V, between V and T, 1dm3 of H2 is 0.0899g
then curve is straight line is and that of O2 is
achieved achieved 1.9384g
 By putting a On heating a On
weight cylinder filled increasing the
Experimental on moveable with gases having numberof
observation piston of cylinder a moles of a gas
filled with gas, moveable piston, in a
the volume of closed
gas decreases the volume of cylinder,
gases increases the volume
increases
 8

Q: All of the following statements are matched correctly

for Boyle’s law and Charles’s law EXCEPT?
Options Boyle’s Law Charle’s Law
A) PV = k (at constant n and T) V/T = k (at constant n and P)
B) K depends upon mass, k depends upon mass, pressure
temperature and nature of gas
V 𝖺 1/P (at constant n and T) V 𝖺 T (at constant n and P)
and nature of the gas
C)

V
D)

At constant P
Isobar (P vs V) Isotherm (V vs T)
 Explanation: (D) It is incorrect statement.
Boyle’s Law Charle’s Law
According to Boyle’s law, the curve According to Charle’s law, there is a
obtained by plotting graph b/w pressure linear relationship b/w temperature
and volume at constant temperature is
known as “isotherm and volume at constant pressure.

Isotherm
A line at constant pressure
 3. Absolute Zero and its
Graphical Explanation

Q: If we plot a graph between temperature on x-axis and

the volume of one mole of an ideal on y-axis, we get a
straight line which cuts the temperature axis at -273.16oC.
This is called absolute zero. Which one of the following
statements is incorrect for it?
A) It is hypothetical temperature
B) The molecular motion of gases cease at this temperature
C) It is unattainable
D) 273.16oC is called absolute zero
 Answer Explanation (D)
It is incorrect
statement
The correct statement is as follow:
Absolute zeroDifferent
of different
scales scales is as zero values
Absolute
follow:
Centigrade scale (Co) -273.16oC
Fahrenheit scale (Fo) -459oF
Kelvin scale (K) 0K
 4. General Gas Equation
(a) Derivation of General Gas Equation (Ideal Gas Equation)

V𝖺
1
P
According to Boyle’s law (at constant n and T) ----- (i)
According to the Charle’s law V 𝖺 T (at constant n and P) ----- (ii)
According to Avogadro’s law (Equal volumes of all ideal gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules)
V𝖺 n (at constant T and P) -----
(iii) By combining eq. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
V𝖺 T
n
P
PV 𝖺 nT
PV = nRT (Ideal Gas Equation) ---- (iv)
R = General gas constant
This equation is called first form of General Gas Equation
 1
4

• PV = nRT, this is the first form of general gas equation.

• If n = 1 then PV = RT ----- (v)
• By applying initial and final conditions, equation (v) can be written as
P1 V1
T1 = T2
------ (vi)
This is the second form of General PGas
2 V Equation
2
 15
Q: Which of the following value of R is correct in SI (system
international) for general gas equation?
Options Unit of Unit of Value of R
pressure volume
A) atm dm3 0.0821 atm dm3 mol-1 K-1
B) torr dm3 62.4 torr dm3 mol-1 K-1
C) torr cm3 62400 cm3 torr K-1 mol-1
D) Nm-2 m3 8.3143 Jmol-1 K-1

Explanation: (D) Value of R in general gas equation is correct SI (system international)

R = 8.3143 Jmol-1K-1.
 16

Q: At 5.0 atmospheric pressure and 300K, how many moles are

present in 15dm3 of O2 gas (R = 0.1 atm dm3 mol-1 K-1):
A) 2.5mol C) 1.5mol
B) 0.25mol D) 2.0mol

Solution: (A) According to general gas equation

PV = nRT …
By rearranging equation (i) (i)
we get
RT
n=
5×15
= = 2.5mol
0.1 × 300
PV
 Q: If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and pressure is 1
reduced to half, the volume of the gas will: 7
A) Remains unchanged C) Increases four time
B) Reduces to 1/4 D) Can be doubled
Solution: (C) If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and pressure is
reduced to half, the volume of the gas will increase four time.
V1 = 1dm3 P1V1 P2V2
T1 = T2
T1 = T
P1 = P V2 P1 × V1 ×
= P2 × T1
According to condition T2
T2 = 2T P × 1 × 2 ×T × 2
V2 =
P × T
P2 P V2 =
=
4times

2
 (b) Applications of General Gas Equation 1
Density of a gas (𝐝 )
𝑷 8
𝐌
𝐑
=
Macular mass of a gas (𝐌 𝐓 )
𝐝𝐑
i.

=
ii.
�
MCQ: Calculate the density of�carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at
0oC and 1atm pressure.

Given data:

Solution: (A) Density of a gas (𝐝 =

P = 1atm
𝐑
𝐩𝐌
) 𝐓
T = 0oC = 273oK
R = 0.0821
M = 44gmol-1
 i. gas consists of a large
number of
Every small particles
called molecules. Gases like He,
very
Ne, Ar are monoatomic molecules
ii. The molecules of a gas move
haphazardly,
viii. The average kinetic energy themselves and with the walls
of the gas molecules of the container and change
colliding
directly
varies as the their directions
temperature of the gas
absolute among
vii. The motion imparted to the 5. Postulates iii. The pressure exerted by a gas is
due to the collisions of
molecules by gravity is of KMT molecules
its with the walls of a
negligible as compared to the container. The collisions among the
effect of the continued molecules are perfectly elastic
collisions between them
vi. The actual volume of iv. The molecules of a gas
v. The molecules of a gas have widely
are separated from
molecules of a gas is negligible no forces of attraction for each
as compared to the volume of another and there are sufficient
one
other empty spaces among them
the gas
2
0

Q: Which of the following postulates of KMT explains Boyle’s law:

A) The molecules of a gas move haphazardly
B) The pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collision of its
molecules with
the walls of a container
C) The average K.E of the gas molecules is directly proportional to
absolute temperature
D) The actual volume of molecules of a gas is negligible as
compared to the
volume of the gas container

(v 𝖺The pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collision of its

with the walls of a container. This postulates explains 1/P at
Explanation:
Boyle’s Law. (B)
molecules
constant n, T)
 2
1

Q: Which of the following postulates of KMT explains Charles’s law:

A) Each gas consists of a large number of molecules
B) The molecules of a gas have no forces of attraction
C) The average K.E of the gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature
D) The molecules of a gas are widely separated
Explanation: (C) The average K.E of the gas molecules is directly proportional to

(v 𝖺 T at constant n, P)
absolute temperature. This postulates explains Charles’s law.
(b) Pressure and its units
“It is defined as the force exerted by 760mm / 76cm column on an
area of 1am2 at 0oC. It is the average atmospheric pressure at sea
level. The standard pressure of 76cm or 760mm Hg or 760torr is
known as one atmosphere (1atm).”
1atm = 76cm (Hg)
= 760mm Hg
= 760 torr
= 14.7PSI
= 101325Pa(Nm-2)
= 1.01325bar
SI unit:
The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa)
1Pa = 1Nm-2
 5. Kinetic interpretation of temperature 2
3

Q: Which of the following equation explains that Kalvin

temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the average
translational kinetic energy of its molecules?

1  3R T
A) PV  3 mNc 2
C) Ek 2N A

 n2 a 
B P D) PV =
)  V 2  V  nb   nRT
nRT
 6. Ideal and non-ideal Gases
Q: Mark the incorrect statement about ideal and non-ideal gas:
Options Ideal Gas Non-Ideal Gas (Real Gas)
A) It obeys gas laws under It does not obey gas laws under all
all conditions of temperature and
conditions of temperature and pressure
pressure
B) It cannot be liquefied It can be liquefied
C) It obeys general gas equation It obeys van der Waal’s gas equation
and kinetic gas equation
D) It behaves ideal at It behaves real at low pressure and
high high temperature
temperature
Explanation: (D) It is incorrect and highThe
statement. pressure
correct statement is as follow
• Ideal Gas: It shows ideal behavior at high temperature and low pressure
• Non – Ideal Gas: It behaves non-ideal at high pressure and low temperature
 25
Q: Which of the following gases has minimum deviation from ideal
behavior?
A) He C) N2
B) H2 D) CO2
Answer Explanation: (A)
He shows minimum deviation from ideal behavior
Reason:
• Smaller size
• Less polarizability
• Less charge separation
• Weaker Intermolecular forces (London Dispersion forces)
 Q: Which of the following are the main
conditions of deviation of real gases from ideal
behaviour?
A) At low temperature and high pressure
B) At low temperature and low pressure
C) At high temperature and high pressure
D) At High temperature and low pressure

Explanation: (A) Following are the main conditions of deviation of real

gases from ideal behaviour:
• At Low temperature:
Kinetic energy of gas molecules decreases, gas molecules come close to
each other and force of attraction develops between the gas molecules
which is one of the main cause of deviation from ideal behaviour.
• At high pressure:
Volume of the gas molecule cannot be neglected which is against the ideal
behaviour.
 27

Q: Which of the following is/are main cause of deviation of real

gases from ideal behavior?
A) There are forces of attraction among the molecules of a
gas only
B) The actual volume of gas molecules is not negligible as
compared
to the volume of the vessel
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Explanation: (C) Following are main causes of deviation of real gases from
ideal behavior:
•
There are forces of attraction among the molecules of a gas
•
The actual volumeof gas molecules is not negligible as
 Q: Mark the incorrect statement:
A) General gas equation …. PV =
nRT
B) Boyle’s law equation …. P1V1 =
C) Pvan
V
2 2
der Waal’s gas equation P
 i + n 2
a2 
  V  Vfree - nb  = nRT
….
D) Charles’s law equation …. V1
T T 1 2
V2
=
Answer Explanation:
(C)
It is incorrect
statement
van
The der Waal’s
correct gas equation
statement P + n 2 a2 
is as follow:
 V  Vvessel - nb  = nRT
…. 
obs
 Q: Which one of the following relationships is
correct regarding van der Waal’s gas equation?
A) aNH3 > aN2 but bNH3 < bN2
B) aNH3 < aN2 but bNH3 < bN2
C) aNH3 < aN2 but bNH3 > bN2
D) aNH3 > aN2 but bN2  bNH3
Answer
There is hydrogen bonding in ammonia and London dispersion forces in nitrogen gas.
As hydrogen bond is stronger thanExplanation
London dispersion forces, therefore, the value of “a” constant of
: (A)
ammonia is greater than that of “a” constant of nitrogen (a constant is a measure of strength of
intermolecular forces). Intermolecular forces develop at high pressure and low temperature in the real
gases.
On the other hand, the value of “b” constant of nitrogen gas is greater than that of “b” constant of
ammonia (b constant is excluded volume at high pressure).
As we known that in nitrogen molecules there are weaker London dispersion forces as compared to
hydrogen bonding in ammonia, so that is why value of constant “b” for ammonia is less than that of
constant “b” of nitrogen gas as shown in the table.
 van der Waals Constant for Some Common Gases
Gas ‘a’ (atmdm6mol-2) ‘b’ (dm3mol-1)
Ammonia 4.170 0.0371
Nitrogen 1.390 0.0391
Hydrogen 0.245 0.0266
Oxygen 1.360 0.0318
Carbon dioxide 3.590 0.0428
Sulphur dioxide 6.170 0.0564
Chlorine 6.493 0.0562
Not
e: FOR FURTHER MCQs SEE PRACTICE
BOOK WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATION
Thank
you!