Scribd
Upload
17 views26 pages

Carbohydrates Biochemistry333

Uploaded by

alkhtab1912005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views26 pages

Carbohydrates Biochemistry333

Uploaded by

alkhtab1912005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Carbohydrates

Objectives
• Carbohydrate definition and of physiologic Importance
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
A 70-kg adult human being requires about (1920-2900
kcal) from metabolic fuels each day, depending on
physical activity. Caloric requirements increase as the
size of the animal increases.
This energy requirement is met by our diet. For
humans the caloric content of our diet is derived from
carbohydrates (40-60%), lipids (mainlytriacylglycerol,
30-40%), and protein (10-15%).
Outline of the pathways for the catabolism
of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate comes from the designation of these
molecules as carbon hydrate. A saccharides are not simply
comprise of C, H, an O or have the proportions (CH2O)n.
Importance of carbohydrates:
A. Energy production e.g. glucose.
B. Formation of structural elements in animal and plant cells.
C. Formation of glycolipids and glycoproteins ; both enter in
the structure of cell membrane and form the ground
substances between tissues.
Classification of carbohydrates:
A. Monosaccharides: contain one sugar unit.
B. Disaccharldes: contain two sugar units.
C. Oligosaccharide: contain 3 - 10 sugar units.
D. Polysaccharides: contain more than 10 sugar units.
Monosaccharides :
They are the simplest units of carbohydrate i.e. on hydrolysis,
they can not give a simpler form.
The general formula is Cn(H20)n.
Naming (nomenclature) of monosaccharides:
1. According to the presence of aldehyde or ketone group:
a) Aldoses: monosaccharides containing aldehyde group (-
CHO). The suffix -ose means sugar.
b) Ketoses: monosaccharides containing ketone group (-C=O).
Classification of monosaccharides:
1. Trioses: 3
2. Tetroses: 4
3. Pentoses:5
4. Hexoses: 6
Pentoses: monosaccharides containing 5 carbon atoms.
Types:
1) Aldopentoses: Ribose, arabinose, xylose.
2) Ketopentoses: Ribulose and xylulose.
Importance (functions) of pentoses:
1) Ribose and deoxyribose enter in the structure of nucleic
acids RNA and DNA.
2) Ribose enters In the structure of ATP, GTP and other high
energy phosphate compounds.
3) Ribose enters in the structure of coenzymes NAD, NADP
and flavoproteins.
4) Ribose phosphate and ribulose phosphate are
Intermediates In pentose phosphate pathway (a minor
pathway for glucose oxidation).
Hexoses: monosaccharides containing 6 carbon
atoms
Types:
1) Aldohexose: glucose, mannose and galactose.
2) Ketohexose: fructose.
Importance:
1- Glucose is the most important sugar of carbohydrate: the
main sugar in blood, one of major sources of energy in the
body.
In the liver and other tissues, glucose is converted to all
carbohydrates in the body e.g. glycogen, galactose, ribose and
fructose.
2- Fructose "fruit sugar": It can be converted into glucose in
the liver.
3- Galactose: It can be converted into glucose in the liver. It is
synthesized in mammary gland to make the lactose of milk (milk
sugar).
Chemical properties:
1. Oxidation: Oxidation of sugars gives acids
2. Reduction: Reduction of carbonyl group gives the
corresponding alcohol e.g. glucose gives sorbitol.
3. Reducing sugars: Sugars containing free aldehyde or ketone
group can reduce other reagents e.g. they can reduce cupric
ions of Fehling's and Benedict's reagents Into cuprous ions:
Cupric (blue) + sugar → Cuprous (red) + oxidized sugar
Glycosidic bond and glycosldes:
Glycosidic bond: It is the bond between a
carbohydrate and another compound to form a
complex carbohydrate.
This bond is between the hydroxyl group of anomeric
carbon of monosaccharide (carbon 1 in aldoses or
carbon 2 in ketoses) and another compound which may
be Another monosaccharide to form disaccharide
glycosides as maltose, lactose and sucrose.
O glycosldes:
- the monosaccharide is attached to -OH group of another
sugar, the resulting structure is an O-glycoside and the bond is
called acetal link.

- All sugar-sugar glycosidic bonds are O type linkage. If the


first sugar is glucose, the resulting compound Is glucoside, if
galactose, a galactoside and so on.
Examples of glycosides:
1. Disaccharides
2. Sugar nucleotide as ATP, GTP and other nucleotides:
aglycone here is purines and pyrimidines.
3. Glycoprotein.
Disaccharldes:
These are formed by condensation of 2 molecules of
monosaccharides bound together by glycosidic bond. Its
general formula is Cn(H20)n-1.

The most Important disaccharide& are:


1. Maltose = a-glucose + a-glucose (a 1 - 4 glycosidic bond ).
2. Isomaltose = a- glucose + a-glucose (a 1 - 6 glycosidic bond).
3. Lactose = P- glucose + P- galactose ( p 1 - 4 glycosidic bond).
4. Sucrose = a-glucose + 13-fructose (a 1 - p 2 glycosidic bond).
for example: Sucrose
Sources: cane sugar. It is also present in pineapple and carrot.
it gives a mixture of equal number of glucose and fructose molecules.
Polysaccharides:
These are carbohydrates, formed of more than 10 sugar units.
They are classified into: homopolysaccharides and
heteropolysaccharides.
Heteropolysaccharldes: They contain repeated different sugar
units and Include glycosamlnoglycans.
Homopolysaccharldes: They contain repeated same sugar
units and include: starch, dextrins, glycogen, cellulose, inulin
and dextrans
for example
Glycogen: (also called animal starch):
Structure: Glycogen Is homopolysaccharide formed of branched a D
glucose units (a 1,4 and a 1,6).
The main glycosidic bond is a1-4- linkage. Only at the branching point,
the chain is attached by a1-6 linkage.
Each branch Is made of 12-14 glucose units.
Location: Glycogen Is present mainly in liver and muscles.
Functions of glycogen:
1) Liver glycogen: It maintains normal blood glucose
concentration especially during the early stage of fast
(between meals). After 12-18 hours fasting, liver glycogen is
depleted.
2) Muscle glycogen: It acts as a source of energy within the
muscle Itself especially during muscle contractions.
Properties: It gives reddish violet color with iodine.
structure of glycogen and its roles.
ANY Q?
THANK YOU

You might also like