Electronics 10-STE Number Systems

Digital Circuits
BY: MA’AM CLEO
Learning Objectives
Discuss Different Number System

Describe the action of logic gates the AND, OR,

NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR and XNOR and Using truth
tables.
Differentiate Diode and Transistor as Switches.
 Binary Numbers
Within a computer, information
is Operation
represented and stored in a
digital binary format. The term
bit is an abbreviation of binary
digit and represents the
smallest piece of data. Humans
interpret words and pictures;
computers interpret only
A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1)
or a zero digit (0). A bit can be used to represent the
state of something that has two states.

For example, a light switch can be either On or Off; in

binary representation, these states would correspond to
1 and 0, respectively. Each group of eight bits, such as
the representations of letters and numbers, is known as
a byte. Codes can be used to represent almost any type
of information digitally: computer data, graphics,
photos, voice, video, and music.
 Binary Number
Systems
This expresses every number or value by
utilizing only two digits - 0 and 1; hence the
name “Binary”

The Base number is “2”

 Octal Number
Systems
This expresses all numbers or values using
eight digits 0 to 7; hence the name “Octal”

The Base number is “8”

 Decimal Number
Systems
This is commonly used in everyday life
expresses all numbers and values using ten
digits 0 to 9; hence the name “Decimal”

The Base number is “10”

 Hexadecimals
Number Systems
This expresses all numbers or values using the
numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F to
represent the numbers 10 to 15; hence the
name “Hexadecimal”

The Base number is “16”

 The conversion of the number

Conversio systems is fundamental concept in

the realm of computing. Computers
n can communicate and process data

of the using a language of 0s and 1s,

known as binary. However, other
Computer number systems like octal and
hexadecimal are often used for
Number practical purposes. This topic

System explores how these number systems

interconnect and how data can be
seamlessly translated between
them.
A. Converting Binary
to Decimal
 B. Converting
Decimal to Binary
 Step by Step Process
1.Divide by 2: Divide the decimal number by 2
2.Record the remainder: Write down the
remainder(either 1 or 0). This is the least significant
digit of the binary representation
3.Updatethe quotient: Replace the originl decimal
number with the quotient obtained in step 2
4.Repeat: Continue steps 2-4 until the quotient becomes
0
5.Read the binary number: The binary number
representation is the sequence of remainder you
 Step by Step Process
Example:
1.What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number
123?123/2 = 61, remainder 1
61/2 = 30, remainder 1
30/2 = 15, remainder 0
15/2=7, remainder 1
7/2 = 3, remainder 1
3/2 = 1, remainder 1
1/2 = 0, remainder 1
NOTE: Read the remainder from bottom to top and then write it
from left to right. 123 = 1111011
C. Converting Binary
to Octal
Step by Step Process
1. Start with the binary number: Begin with the binary
number to be converted to octal.
2. Pad with leading zeros: If the binary number does
not have enough digits to form complete sets of
three from the right, pad it with leading zeros.
3. Group into sets of three: Starting from the right,
group the binary digits into sets of three. If there is not
enough digits for a full set, group what is there.
Step by Step Process

4. Replace each group with octal: Convert each

group of binary digits into its octal equivalent
using the following conversion table.
5. Write down the octal representation: Write
down the octal equivalent of each group from
step 4, and combine them to form the octal
representation of the original binary number.
Step by Step Process

4. Replace each group with octal: Convert each

group of binary digits into its octal equivalent
using the following conversion table.
5. Write down the octal representation: Write
down the octal equivalent of each group from
step 4, and combine them to form the octal
representation of the original binary number.
Step by Step Process
Example:
1. Convert the binary number 1101010111 to
octal:
a. Start with the binary number: 1101010111
b. Pad with leading zeros: 001101010111
c. Group into sets of three: 001 101 010 111
d. Replace each group with octal:1 5 2 7
e. Write down the octal representation: 1527
So, the binary number 11010101112 is equivalent to
the octal number 1527.
D. Converting Octal
to Binary
Computer Number Systems- numerical values
encoded with the architecture of computer
systems

Bits- are characterized by their presence in one

of two states, denoted as 0 or 1.

Byte- comprises a group of 8 individual bits.

Concatenate- to link together in a series or

Step by Step Process

1. Break the octal number down into individual

octal digits.
2. Convert each octal digit to its binary
equivalent using the following conversion
table:
3. Combine the binary representations of the
individual octal digits together, in order, to
form the binary representation of the entire
octal number.
Step by Step Process
Example: 1. Convert the octal number 345 to
binary: a. Start with the octal number: 345
b. Identify the octal digits: 3 4 5
c. Convert each octal digit to binary: 011 100 101
d. Concatenate the binary representations
together to get the binary equivalent of the octal
number:
The Binary representation of 345 (octal) is
011100101.
So, the octal number 345, is equivalent to the
E. Converting Binary
to Hexadecimal
Step by Step Process
1. Begin with the binary number to be converted
to hexadecimal.
2. If the binary number does not have enough
digits to form complete sets of four from the
right, pad it with leading zeros.
3. Starting from the right, group the binary digits
into sets of four. If there is not enough digits for a
full set, group what is there.
Step by Step Process

4. Convert each group of four binary

5. Write down the hexadecimal equivalent

of each group from step 4, and combine
them to form the hexadecimal
representation of the original binary
number.
Step by Step Process
Example:
1. Convert the binary number 1101010111 to
hexadecimal:
a. Start with the binary number: 1101010111
b. Pad with leading zeros: 001101010111 \
c. Group into sets of four: 0011 0101 0111
d. Replace each group with hexadecimal: 3 5 7
e. Write down the hexadecimal representation: 357
So, the binary number 1101010111 is equivalent to the
hexadecimal number 357.
 F. Converting
Hexadecimal to
Binary
Step by Step Process
1. Begin with the hexadecimal number to be converted
to binary.
2. Break the hexadecimal number down into individual
hexadecimal digits.
3. Convert each hexadecimal digit to its binary
equivalent using the following conversion table:
4. Concatenate the binary representations of the
individual hexadecimal digits together to get the
binary equivalent of the entire hexadecimal number.
Step by Step Process

Example:
1. Convert the hexadecimal number 1A3
to binary:
a. Start with the hexadecimal number: 1A3
b. Identify the hexadecimal digits: 1 A 3
c. Convert each hexadecimal digit to binary:
0001 1010 0011
Step by Step Process

d. Combine binary representations: Concatenate the

binary representations together to get the binary
equivalent of the hexadecimal number:
Binary representation of 1A3 (hexadecimal)=
000110100011

So, the hexadecimal number 1A3 is equivalent to

the binary number 110100011.
G. Converting Octal
to Decimal
Step by Step Process
1. Begin with the octal number to be converted to
decimal.
2. Break the octal number down into individual octal
digits, starting from the right.
3. Assign powers of 8 to each octal digit, starting
with 0 for the rightmost digit and increasing by 1 for
each digit to the left.
4. Multiply each octal digit by 8 raised to its
corresponding power and add the products.
Step by Step Process
Example:
Convert the octal number 753, to decimal
number:
The rightmost digit is 3, so it's 3*8° =3*1=3
The next digit is 5, so it's 5* 8^1= 5*8=40.
The leftmost digit is 7, so it's 7* 8^2=7*64=448.
Sum up the products obtained in step 4 to get the
decimal equivalent of the octal number.
3+40 +448=491
 H. Converting
Decimal to Octal
Step by Step Process

1. Begin with the decimal number you want to

convert to octal
2. Perform integer division (discard any
remainder) by dividing the decimal number by
8.
3. Write down the remainder (which will be an
octal digit) obtained from step 2.
Step by Step Process

4. Replace the original decimal number with

the quotient obtained in step 2.
5. Continue steps 2-4 until the quotient
becomes 0.
6. Read the remainders you recorded in
reverse order (from bottom to top). These
remainders form the octal representation.
Step by Step Process

Example:
1. Convert the decimal number 91 to
octal:
a. Start with the decimal number: 91
b. Divide by 8: 91÷8=11 with a remainder of
3.
c. Update the quotient: 11
d. Divide by 8: 11÷8=1 with a remainder of 3
Step by Step Process
e. Update the quotient: 1
f. Divide by 8: 1%8=0 with a remainder of 1.
g. The quotient is now 0.
Now, read the remainders in reverse order to get
the octal representation:
Octal representation of 91 = 133,
So, the decimal number 91 is equivalent to the
octal number 133
I. Converting Octal
to Hexadecimal
Step by Step Process

Converting an octal number to

hexadecimal involves two steps:
1. Convert the Octal number into
Binary.
2. Convert the Binary result into
Hexadecimal.
Step by Step Process
Convert the octal number 537 to hexadecimal:
1. Convert the octal number into binary:
a. Start with the octal number: 537
b. Identify the octal digits: 537
c. Convert each octal digit to binary: 101 011 111
d. Concatenate the binary representations together to
get the binary equivalent of the octal number:
Binary representation of 537 (octal) = 101011111
(binary) So, the octal number 537, is equivalent to the
binary number 101011111.
Step by Step Process
2. Convert the binary result into hexadecimal
number:
a. Start with the binary number: 101011111
b. Pad with leading zeros: 000101011111
c. Group into sets of four. 0001 0101 1111
d. Replace each group with hexadecimal: 1 5 F
e. Write down the hexadecimal representation: 15F
So, the octal number 537, is equivalent to the
hexadecimal number 15F
 J. Converting
Hexadecimal to
Octal
Step by Step Process

Converting a hexadecimal number to octal

involves two intermediate steps:
1. Convert the Hexadecimal number to
Binary.
2. Convert the Binary result into Octal.
Step by Step Process
Example: Convert the hexadecimal number 1AC
to octal:
1. Convert hexadecimal to binary:
a. Start with the hexadecimal number: 1AC
b. Identify the hexadecimal digits: 1 A C
c. Convert each hexadecimal digit to binary: 0001
1010 1100
d. Combine binary representations: Concatenate the
binary representations together to get the binary
equivalent of the hexadecimal number. Binary number
Step by Step Process
2. Convert binary to octal:
a. Start with the binary number. 110101100
b. Pad with leading zeros. 110101100
c. Group into sets of three. 110 101 100
d. Replace each group with octal. 6 5 4.
e. Write down the octal representation. 654
So, the hexadecimal number 1AC, is equivalent to
the octal number 654.
K. Converting
Decimal to
Hexadecimal
Step by Step Process

1. Start with the decimal number to be

converted to hexadecimal.
2. Divide the decimal number by 16.
3. Write down the remainder (if any). The
remainder will be a single-digit hexadecimal
number (0-9 or A-F, where A=10, B=11, C-12,
D=13, E=14, and F=15).
Step by Step Process
4. Write down the quotient as the new
decimal number to be divided.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 until the quotient
becomes 0.
6. Read the remainders from bottom to top to
get the hexadecimal representation.
Step by Step Process
Example: 1. Convert the decimal number 315 to
hexadecimal.
a. Start with 315.
b. Divide 315 by 16: 315 ÷ 16 = 19 with a
remainder of 11
c. Divide 19 by 16: 19 16 = 1 with a remainder of 3.
d. Divide 1 by 16: 1÷16=0 with a remainder of 1.
e. Write the remainders from bottom to top.
So, the decimal number 315 is represented as 13B,
in hexadecimal.
 L. Converting
Hexadecimal to
Decimal
Step by Step Process
1. Start with the hexadecimal number to be
converted.
2. Assign decimal values to each hexadecimal
digit.
3. Starting from the rightmost digit of the
hexadecimal number (the least significant digit),
multiply each digit by 16 raised to the power of
its position (counting from right to left, starting
at 0 for the rightmost digit).
Step by Step Process
Example: 1. Convert the hexadecimal
number 1A3, to decimal.
a. Start with 1A3.
b. Assign decimal values:
c. 1=1,A=10,3=3
d. Multiply each digit by the corresponding
power of 16: 3*16°=3*1=3 A* 16' = 10*16=160
1*162=1*256=256
Step by Step Process

e. Sum up the results: 3+ 160 + 256 = 419.

So, the hexadecimal number 1A3, is equivalent

to the decimal number 419.
Thank you
for
listening