DLD - DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

Syed Khizar Abbas

B.E IUB Bahawalpur, MS (Systems Engineering) NUST H-12 Islamabad

Lecturer in Artificial Intelligence Dept. SST

University of management and Technology Lahore

[email protected]
1. “ Digital Design” Fifth Edition By M.
Morris Mano and Michael D.Ciletti

2. Digital Fundamentals 11th Edition by

Thomas L. Floyd

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 DLD - DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

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🠶 Digital
🠶 Concerned with the interconnection among digital components and modules
🠶 Best Digital System example is General Purpose
Computer

🠶 Logic Design
🠶 Deals with the basic concepts and tools used to design digital hardware
consisting of logic circuits
🠶 Circuits to perform arithmetic operations (+, -, x, ÷)
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🠶 Digital Signal : Decimal values are difficult to represent in electrical systems. It is easier to
use two voltage values than ten.

🠶 Digital Signals have two basic states:

1 (logic “high”, or H, or “on”)

0 (logic “low”, or L, or “off”)
🠶 Digital values are in a binary format. Binary means 2 states.

🠶 A good example of binary is a light (only on or off)

on off

Power switches have labels “1” for on and “0” for off.
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🠶 Bits and Pieces of DLD History

🠶 George Boole
🠶 Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847)
🠶 An Investigation of Laws of Thoughts; Mathematical Theories of Logic
and Probabilities (1854)
🠶 Claude Shannon
🠶 Rediscovered the Boole
🠶 “ A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits “
🠶 Boolean Logic and Boolean Algebra were Applied to Digital Circuitry

---------- Beginning of the Digital Age and/or Computer Age

World War II
Computers as Calculating Machines
Arlington (State Machines) “ Control “
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Motivation

🠶 Microprocessors/Microelectronics have revolutionized our world

🠶 Cell phones, internet, rapid advances in medicine, etc.

🠶 The semiconductor industry has grown tremendously

 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
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🞕 Digital age and information age

🞕 Digital computers
► General purposes
► Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
► Digital systems
► Telephone switching exchanges
► Digital camera
► Electronic calculators
► Digital TV
► Discrete information-processing systems
► Manipulate discrete elements of information
► For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…
Analogue Quantities & Digital Quantities
10 Analogue Quantities

Continuous Quantity
🠶 Intensity of Light
🠶 Temperature
🠶 Velocity
Digital Quantity

A digital quantity is one that has a discrete set of values.

🠶 Key Characteristics:
🠶 Discreteness: Digital quantities take on specific, well-defined values. For
example, a digital signal can be either high (usually represented by 1)
or low (usually represented by 0).
🠶 Binary Representation: Most digital systems use a binary representation,
where each value corresponds to a combination of bits (binary digits). These
bits can be either on (1) or off (0).
🠶 Boolean Logic: Digital systems operate based on Boolean logic, which
involves logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, and XOR. These operations
manipulate binary values to make decisions or perform calculations.

Signal
A physical quantity which vary with respect to time.
Analog and Digital Signal 12

🠶 Analog system
🠶 The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified range.
🠶 Any real life signal e.g. human voice, temperature, dimmer switches
🠶 Analogue signal
The signal continuously vary with respect to time.
🠶 Digital system
🠶 The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
🠶 Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal
🠶 Analogue to Digital Conversion

Analogue System
🠶 Digital to analogue converter
Analogue to Digital Conversion and Reconstruction of Analogue Signal

Example:
Three parts of Analogue to digital Converter

🠶 Sampling
Sampling is the process of converting an analog signal into a discrete-time
signal.

🠶 Quantization
The conversion of a discrete-time continuous-valued signal into a discrete-time
discrete-value signal is called quantization. In the quantization process, each
signal sample is represented by a value chosen from the finite set of possible
values. The possible values are collectively called quantization levels.

🠶 Coding or Encoding
The process in which the discrete value samples are represented by an n-bit
binary sequence or code is called coding.
Quantization and Coding
Reconstruction of Analogue Signal
🠶 Binary Digits
Each of the two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0, is called a bit, which
is a contraction of the words binary digit. In digital circuits, two different
voltage levels are used to represent the two bits. Generally, 1 is
represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to as a HIGH, and a 0
is represented by the lower voltage level, which we will refer to as a LOW.
This is called
positive logic.
HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
Negative logic.
HIGH = 0 and LOW = 1

Logic Levels:
The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels.
🠶 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth
between the HIGH and LOW levels or states.
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Number Systems
Four Types of Number Systems

1) Binary systems
2) Decimal systems
3) Octal systems
4) Hexadecimal systems
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Decimal Number System

🠶 Base (also called radix) = 10
🠶 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
🠶 Digit Position
🠶 Integer & fraction 2 1 0 -1 -2
🠶 Digit Weight
🠶 Weight = (Base) Position
5 1 2 7 4
🠶 Magnitude
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
🠶 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
🠶 Formal Notation

500 10 2 0.7 0.04

d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

(512.74)10
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Octal Number System

🠶 Base = 8
🠶 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
🠶 Weights
🠶 Weight = (Base) Position
64 8 1 1/8 1/64
🠶 Magnitude
🠶 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
5 1 2 7 4
🠶 Formal Notation 2 1 0 -1 -2
5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2
=(330.9375)10

(512.74)8
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Binary Number System

🠶 Base = 2
🠶 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
🠶 Weights
🠶 Weight = (Base) Position 4 2 1 1/2 1/4
🠶 Magnitude 1 0 1 0 1
🠶 Sum of “Bit x Weight”
2 1 0 -1 -2
🠶 Formal Notation
1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
🠶 Groups of bits 4 bits = Nibble
8 bits = Byte =(5.25)10

(101.01)2
1011

11000101
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Hexadecimal Number System

🠶 Base = 16
🠶 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
🠶 Weights
🠶 Weight = (Base) Position
256 16 1 1/1 1/256
🠶 Magnitude 6
🠶 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
1 E 5 7 A
🠶 Formal Notation 2 1 0 -1 -2
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2
=(485.4765625)10

(1E5.7A)16
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The Power of 2
n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

🠶 Applications of number systems

🠶 1. Decimal Number System:

🠶 Base: Decimal uses a base value of 10.
🠶 Digits: It employs the digits 0 to 9.
🠶 Significance: Decimal is the system we use daily for everyday calculations. It’s the most familiar
system for representing numbers.
🠶 Applications:
🠶 Financial Transactions: Decimal numbers are used for currency, banking, and financial
calculations.
🠶 Measurement Units: Length, weight, volume, and other physical quantities are often
expressed in decimal form.
🠶 Scientific Notation: Decimal notation is used in scientific and engineering contexts.
🠶 2. Binary Number System:

🠶 Base: Binary uses a base value of 2.

🠶 Digits: It consists of only two digits: 0 and 1.
🠶 Significance: Binary is fundamental in digital electronics and computer science.
🠶 Applications:
🠶 Computers and Digital Circuits: Binary represents data and instructions in
computers.
🠶 Boolean Logic: Binary is essential for logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) in
programming.
🠶 Data Encryption: Cryptography relies on binary representation.
🠶 3. Octal Number System:
🠶 Base: Octal uses a base value of 8.
🠶 Digits: It uses digits from 0 to 7.
🠶 Significance: Octal is less common but still relevant in some contexts.
🠶 Applications:
🠶 Unix File Permissions: Octal notation is used to set file permissions (read,
write, execute) in Unix-like operating systems.
🠶 Digital Displays: Some older digital displays used octal representation.
🠶 4. Hexadecimal Number System:
🠶 Base: Hexadecimal uses a base value of 16.
🠶 Digits: It includes digits 0 to 9 and letters A to F (representing values 10 to 15).
🠶 Significance: Hexadecimal is widely used in programming and computer science.
🠶 Applications:
🠶 Memory Addresses: Hexadecimal is used to represent memory addresses.
🠶 Color Codes: Web designers and programmers use hexadecimal to specify
colors (e.g., #FFA500 for orange).
🠶 Machine Code: Hexadecimal is used in low-level programming and assembly
language.
Decimal (Integer) to Binary 33

Conversion
🠶 Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
🠶 Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
🠶 Take the quotient and repeat the division

Example: (137)10 Quotient Remainder Coefficient

13 / 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

MSB LSB
Decimal (Fraction) to Binary 34

Conversion
🠶 Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
🠶 Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
🠶 Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division

Example: (0.625)10 Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB
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Decimal to Octal Conversion

Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8
🠶 Binary to decimal Conversion

For example

1101.011
🠶 20=1
🠶 21=2
🠶 22=4
🠶 23=8
🠶 Now for fraction
🠶 2-1=1/2
🠶 2-2=1/4
🠶 2-3=1/8
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Binary − Octal Conversion

🠶 8 = 23 Octal Binary

🠶 Each group of 3 bits represents an octal digit 0 000

1 001
2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011

( 01 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

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Binary − Hexadecimal
Conversion
🠶 16 = 2 4
Hex
0
Binary
0000
🠶 Each group of 4 bits represents a hexadecimal 1 0001
digit 2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
Assume Zeros 6 0110
7 0111
Example: 8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111

Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)

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Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion

🠶 Convert to Binary as an intermediate step

Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4 )16

Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)

Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
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Decimal Binary Octal Hex

00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F