Motion

Motion

 Any kind of movement in a body is known as motion.

 A body is said to be in motion when its position or state changes continuously with
respect to a stationary object taken as a reference point.
 Motion is a relative term.
Rest

 A body is said to be at rest when its position or state does not change with respect to a
stationary object taken as a reference point.
 Rest is also a relative term.
Relative term

 Motion or rest is a relative term that means a body can be at rest or in motion at the
same time depending upon the point of reference.
 For example : A, B and C are three persons. B and C are sitting in the car and A is
standing outside it.
 When car starts to move, B and C are changing their position with respect to A so B
and C are in motion with respect to A but B is not changing its position with time with
respect to C, so B is at rest with respect to C (same for C).
 Therefore motion depends on the position of the observer , hence motion is relative.
 We know that the earth is rotating about its axis and revolving around the sun.
 The stationary objects like your classroom, a tree and the lamp posts etc., do not
change their position with respect to each other i.e. They are at rest.
 Although earth is in motion. To an observer situated outside the earth, say in a space
ship, our classroom, trees etc. Would appear to be in motion.
 Therefore, all motions are relative. There is nothing like absolute motion.
Concept of point object

 In mechanics while studying the motion of an object, sometimes it dimension are of no

importance and the object may be treated as point object without much error.
 When the size of the object is much less in comparison to the distance covered by the
object then the object is considered as a point object.
Ex. If one travels by a car from one place to another faraway place, then length of the car
is ignored as compared to distance travelled.

 Ex. Earth can be regarded as a point object for studying its motion around the sun.
Frame of reference

 To locate the position of object we need a frame of reference.

 A convenient way to set up a frame of reference is to choose three mutually
perpendicular axis and name them x-y-z axis.
 The coordinates (x, y, z) of the particle then specify the position of object through
That frame.
 If any one o more coordinates change with time, then we say that the object is
moving through This frame.
Motion in one dimension

 If only one of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t.
Time.
 In such a case the object moves along a straight line and the motion therefore is also
known as rectilinear or linear motion.
 Examples :
 Motion of train along straight railway track.
 An object falling freely under gravity.
 When a particle moves from P1 to P2 along a straight line path only the x-co-ordinate
changes.
Motion in two dimension

If two of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. Time, then
the motion of object is called two dimensional. In such a motion the object moves in a
plane.
Example :
Motion of queen on carom board.
An insect crawling on the floor of the room.
Motion of object in horizontal and vertical circles etc.
Motion of planets around the sun.
 A car moving along a zigzag path on a level road.
Motion in three dimension

If all the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. Time, then the
motion of object is called 3-D. In such a motion the object moves in a space.
Example :
A bird flying in the sky (also kite).
Random motion of gas molecules.
 Motion of an aeroplane in space
Types of motion

Linear motion (or translatory motion) : The motion of a moving car, a person running, a
stone being dropped.
Rotational motion : The motion of an electric fan, motion of earth about its own axis.
 Oscillatory motion : The motion of a simple pendulum, a body suspended from a spring
(also called to and fro motion).
Physical quantities

 Those quantities which can be measured are known as physical quantities. For
example, mass, weight, speed, velocity, acceleration etc.
 There are two types of physical quantities :
 Scalar quantities
 Vector quantities
Scalar Quantities: The physical quantities which are completely described by the
magnitude only are known as scalar quantities. Mass, length, time, work, energy, power
etc. Are scalar quantities.
Vector Quantities: The physical quantities which are completely described by the
magnitude as well as the direction are known as vector quantities. Velocity, acceleration,
weight, displacement etc, are vector quantities.
A vector is represented by a letter (symbol) having arrow over it. E.g. Physical quantities.
 Where F denotes the force.
 Difference between scalar and
vector quantities
Physical quantities Vector quantities

Scalar quantities are described by magnitude only. Vector quantities are described by magnitude as
well as direction.

Scalar quantities change with change in magnitude Vector quantities change with the change in
only. magnitude or with the change in direction or both.

Scalar quantities can be added or subtracted using Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted
ordinary rules of algebra. using ordinary rules of algebra.

Scalar quantities are represented by ordinary Vector quantities are represented by letters having
letter. arrow over them.
Distance

 Distance is the actual length of the path travelled by the particle in a given interval of
time.
 Distance travelled by the particle in a given interval of time is always positive.
 Distance travelled by the particle depends upon the path followed by the particle in
going from initial position to the final position.
 Distance is scalar quantity.
Displacement

 Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position
of the moving particle in a particular direction.
 Displacement of the particle in a given interval of time may be positive, negative or
zero.
 The displacement of the particle between initial position and final position of the
particle does not depend upon the path followed by it
 Displacement is a vector quantity.
 Difference between distance and
displacement
Distance Displacement

Distance is the actual length of the path travelled Displacement is the shortest distance between the
by the particle in a given interval of time. initial position and the final position of the moving
particle in a particular direction.
Distance travelled by the particle in a given Displacement of the particle in a given interval of
interval of time is always positive. time may be positive, negative or zero.

Distance travelled by the particle depends upon The displacement of the particle between initial
the path followed by the particle in going from position and final position of the particle does not
initial position to the final position. depend upon the path followed by it.
Distance is scalar quantity. Displacement is a vector quantity.
Uniform motion

 A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no
matter how small these time intervals may be.
 For example, a car running at a constant speed of say, 10 meters per second, will
cover equal distances of 10 metres every second, so its motion will be uniform.
 Please note that the distance-time graph for uniform motion is a straight line.
Non uniform motion

 Body has a non-uniform if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time.

 For example, if we drop a ball from the roof of a building, we will find that it covers
unequal distances in equal intervals of time. It covers:
 4.9 metres in the 1st second
 14.7 metres in the 2nd second
 24.5 metres in the 3rd second and so on.
 Thus, a freely falling ball covers smaller distance in the initial ‘1 second’ interval and
larger distance in the later ‘1 second’ interval.
 From this discussion we conclude that the motion of a freely falling body is an example
of non-uniform motion.
 The motions of a train starting from the railway station is also an example of non-
uniform motion.
 This is because when the train starts from a s station, if moves a very small distance in
the ‘first’ second. The train moves a little more distance in the ‘2nd’ second and so on.
And when the train approaches the next station, the distance travelled by it per
second decreases.
Speed

Speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by it per unit time irrespective of
direction. It is a scalar quantity.
Speed = distance / time
or v = s/t
Where v is the speed, s is the distance covered and ‘t’ is the time taken.
The S.I. Unit of speed is ms-1(metre per second). It can also be represented as centimetre
per second and kilometre per hour.
 The speed of a running car is shown by an instrument called “SPEEDOMETRE”. The
distance travelled by the car is measured by another instrument called ODOMETRE.
Average speed

For an object moving with variable speed, it is the total distance travelled by the object
divided by the total time taken to cover that distance.
 Average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken.
Uniform speed

When an object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with
uniform speed.
For example :
distance and displacement
Speed (A to B) = 30/1 Speed (B to C) = 30/1 Speed (C to D) =60/2
 = 30 km/hr = 30 km/hr = 30 km/hr
Non uniform speed

If a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time, its motion is said to be non-
uniform.
For example :
distance and displacement
Speed (A to B) = 30/1 Speed (B to C) = 20/1 Speed (C to D) = 10/1
 = 30 km/hr = 20 km/hr =10 km/hr
Instantaneous speed

 The speed of an object at any particular instant of time or at particular point of its path
is called the instantaneous speed of the object. It is measure red by speedometer in an
automobile.
Velocity

Velocity of a body is defined as the displacement travelled by it per unit time. In other
words velocity of a body is its speed in a given direction. It is a vector quantity.
Velocity = Displacement/Time
or v = s/t
where v is the velocity
s is the distance travelled
‘t’ is the time taken
The S.I. Unit of velocity is ms-1
 Therefore, 25 km/hr is SPEED and 25 km/hr towards North is VELOCITY.
 Difference between speed and
displacement
Speed Velocity

It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

Speed = distance travelled/time. Velocity = displacement/time.

It is rate of change of position of an object. It is rate of change of position of an object in

specific direction.
Constant velocity

 If a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time in a given direction then it is
said to be moving with constant velocity.
Non uniform velocity

 When a body does not cover not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time, in a
given direction (in this case speed is not constant), then it is known as non uniform
velocity.
 If speed is constant then also body can have a non-uniform velocity.

 Ex. A car moving on a circular road with constant speed.
Average velocity

 It is defined as total displacement covered by particle divided by total time taken to cover
that displacement.
 If a body is having uniform acceleration or in other words if the velocity of a body is
changing at a uniform rate then the average velocity is given by the ‘arithmetic mean’ of the
initial velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.
 average Velocity = initial velocity + final velocity / 2
 or v = u + v/2
 where, v is the average velocity
 u is the initial velocity
 v is the final velocity
Instantaneous velocity

 The velocity of an object at any given instant of time at particular point of its path is
called its instantaneous velocity.
 Example: When is the average speed of an object equal to the magnitude of its
average velocity ? Give reason also.
 Sol. As average speed = total path length/time interval also, average velocity =
Displacement/time interval. When an object moves along a straight line and in the
same direction its total path length is equal to the magnitude of its displacement.
Hence average speed is equal to the magnitude of its average velocity.
Acceleration

The rate of change of velocity with time is known as acceleration. In other words, the
acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time.
i.e. Acceleration = change in velocity /time
or Acceleration = Final velocity – Initial velocity/time
or a = v-u/t
Where a = Acceleration of the body
v = Final velocity of the body
u= Initial velocity of the body
 t = Time taken for this change in velocity
A body is said to be accelerating if its velocity is changing
S.I. Unit of acceleration is ms-2 (metre per second square).
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
When a body is moving with uniform velocity, its acceleration is zero (or no acceleration).
This is because there is no change in velocity as Initial velocity = Final velocity.
 A body moving with non-uniform velocity is said to be in accelerated motion.
Types of acceleration

Positive acceleration : If the velocity of an object increases in the same direction, the
object has a positive acceleration.
 Negative acceleration (retardation): If the velocity of a body decreases in the same
direction, the body has negative acceleration or it is said to be retarding.
Uniform acceleration

If a body travels in a straight line and its velocity increases in equal amounts in equal
intervals of time. Its motion is known as uniformly accelerated motion.
E.g. 1 Motion of a freely falling body is an example of uniformly accelerated motion (or
motion of a body under the gravitational pull of the earth).
 E.g. 2 Motion of a bicycle going down the slope of a road when the rider is not
pedalling and wind resistance is negligible.
Non uniform acceleration

A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if its velocity increases or decreases by

unequal amount in equal intervals of time.
OR
When the velocity of a body changes at unequal rate or non-uniform rate.
E.g. Most of the motion in daily life are having non uniform acceleration.
 The velocity-time graph for a body having non uniform acceleration is curved line.
Mathematical derivation of equation of
motion

 When the body is moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration, a relation can
be established between velocity of the body, acceleration of the body and the distance
travelled by the body in a specific time by a set of equations. These equations are
called equations of motion.
 The Three equations are:
 First Equation of motion : v = u + at
 Second Equation of motion : s = ut + 1/2at2
 Third Equation of motion : v2 - u2 = 2as
 Where u = initial velocity of the body
 v = final velocity of the body
 a = uniform acceleration of the body
 t = time taken
 s = distance travelled
First equation of motion

V = u + at
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’. Suppose it is subjected to a uniform
acceleration ‘a’ so that after time ‘t’ its final velocity becomes ‘v’. Now we know,
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
a= v-u/t
or v = u + at or v = at + u …..(i)
 This equation is known as the first equation of motion.
Second equation of motion

S = ut + 1/2at2
 Suppose a body has an initial velocity ‘u’ and uniform acceleration ‘a’ for time ‘t’ so
that its final velocity becomes ‘v’. The distance traveled by moving body in time ‘t’ is
‘S’ then the average velocity = (v + u)/2. Distance traveled = Average velocity × time
Third Equation of motion
Thank you