NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF UZBEKISTAN

NAMED AFTER MIRZO ULUGBEK

FACULTY OF FOREIGN PHILOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE

2nd Lecture: WORD FORMATION

PhD teacher: Eshtukhtarova bibigul Bektoshevna

Tashkent-2024
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Morphology

2. Affixation

3. Productive ways of word formation

4. Nonproductive ways of word formation

 Word formation is the
creation of new words from
elements already existing in
the language

morphemes are
subdivided
into roots and affixes.
 WAYS OF FORMING WORDS

PRОDUСTIVE - is the
ability to form new
words after existing
NON-PRODUCTIVE
patterns which are
readily understood by
the speakers of language
 ‘TYPES OF
WORDFORMATION’
Productive Non-productive
ways: ways:

affixation sound interchange

word-composition stress interchange

conversion reduplication

Sound imitation or
shortening or
onomatopoeia
(abbreviation) blends or blending

back
formation
 The process
of affixation consists in
coining a new word by
adding an affix or
several affixes to some
root morpheme

Suffixation is
prefixation is characteristic of
typical of verb noun and
formation adjective
formation
SUFFIXATIO
N

AFFIXATIO
N

PREFIXATIO
N
 is a formation of new
words by adding
suffixes to the stem

is the formation of
words by means of
adding a prefix to
the stem
 Noun-
forming
–er, -dom, -
ism

Numeral-
Adjective-
forming –
forming –
teen, -ty, -
able, -less
fold Part-of-
speech
classificatio
n of
suffixation

Verb-
Adverb-
forming
forming
-ize, -ify, -
–ly, -ward
en
 the agent of
the action -ist
(taxist), -ent
(student)
quality -ness
nationality -
(hopelessnes
ese
s),-ity
(Japanese), -
(answerabilit
ish (English)
y)
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION
OF SUFFIXES

collectivity -
feminine
dom
suffixes -ess
(moviedom,
(actress)
kingdom)
diminutivene
ss -ette
(kitchenette),-
y (doggy)
 native (Germanic) : -
er,-ful, -less, -ly
(worker, careful,
sleepless, lonely)
Native
suffixes Romanic, such as: -
Origin of tion, -ent, -able, -eer
suffixes (relation, absent,
Borrowed
comfortable, career)
suffixes

Greek, such as: -ist, -

ism, -ize. (specialist,
productive: - socialism, criticize)
er, -ize, -ly, -
ness
Productivity
suffixes non-productive: -
ard (drunkard), -
th (length), -hood
 Semantically
prefixes can be
divided into

polysemantic i.e. the

monosemantic prefix -dis has several
i.e. the prefix has only meanings: (not);
one meaning: ex- reversal or absence of
boxer, ex-boyfriend an action or state;
removal
 According to
denotational meaning
prefixes

prefixes of negative meaning : in-

(invaluable), il- (illegal), un- (uninteresting),
dis-(dishonest)

prefixes denoting repetition or

reversal actions, such as: de-
(decolonize), re- (rewrite)
prefixes denoting time, space, degree
relations, inter- (interplanetary),
hyper- (hypertension), ex- (ex-
student), pre- (pre-election)
 Native
(Germanic),
such as: un-,
over-, under-
(undressed,
overcome)

Romanic, such as:

in-, de-, ex-, re-
(inhumane,
decentralize,
exchange)

Greek, such as:

hyper-
(hyperactive,
hypertension)
 Compounding - joining
of two separate words to produce a single word

According to the parts of

speech
 nouns, such
as : baby-
moon
pronouns, adjectives,
such as: such as :
everyone free-for-all

PARTS OF
SPEECH COMPOUNDS
numerals,
verbs, such as :
such as :
to honey-moon
fifty-five

prepositions, adverbs, such as:

such as: into headfirst
 Verbs formed from nouns denoting
tools, machines, instruments, weapons
e.g. to hammer, to nail
Verbs formed from nouns
Verbs denote an action performed
denoting parts of
at the time denoted by the noun
a human body
e.g. to winter, to week-end
e.g. to eye, to finger

Conversion - the
change of the
function of the word

Verbs denote an action Verbs denote the process of

characteristic taking
of the animal denoted by the noun a meal denoted by the noun
e.g. to dog, to wolf e.g. to lunch, to supper
Verbs denote an action
performed
at the place denoted by the noun
e.g. to park, to pocket
 An abbreviation
- is a shortened
form of a word
rd or phrase M
w o “s ean
t in is” ho in
a
L br e v rt” g
“
 days of the week, e.g. Mon - Monday, Tue
- Tuesday;

names of months, e.g. Apr - April, Aug -

August;

Semantic names of countries in UK, e.g. Yorks-

groups of Yorkshire, Berks –Berkshir);
the graphical
abbreviation names of states in USA, e.g. Ala -
Alabama, Alas - Alaska;
s

names of address, e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr.

military ranks, e.g. capt. -captain, col. -

colonel, sgt - sergeant
NON PRODUCTIVE WAYS OF WORD-BUILDING.

Sound interchange when some sounds are changed to

form a new word.

 Vowel interchange – with different parts of speech:

full – to fill, food – to feed, blood – to bleed. In some
cases vowel interchange is combined with affixation:
long – length, strong – strength, nature – natural.

 Consonant interchange - to advise – advice, to prove

– proof.
Stress interchange can be mostly met
in verbs and nouns:
an`accent - to ac`cent,
a`conflict - to con`flict ,
In reduplication new
a`present – to pre`sent,
words are made by
`content – to con`tent
doubling a stem, either
without any changes as in
bye-bye or with a variation
of the root-vowel or
consonant as in ping-pong,
chit-chat.
BACK FORMATION or Reversion is formed
by dropping the final morpheme to form a new
word. It is opposite to suffixation, that is why it
is called back formation:

to collocate (from collocation)

to compute (from computer)
to emote (from emotion)
SOUND IMITATION or ONOMATOPOEIA is formed by

imitating different sounds:

sounds produced by human beings: to whisper, to

giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle;
sounds produced by animals, birds, insects: dogs -
bark, cows - moo, frogs – croak, cats – mew or meow,
ducks – quack, bee – buzz;
sounds produced by nature and objects: to splash, to
rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle
Test Your Understanding of Word Formation
Exercise 1 – Add Prefixes and Suffixes
Add prefixes and suffixes to the following words.
1. Passion____
2. Remember____
3. ____conscious
4. Sense____
5. ____acceptable
6. Entertain____
7. ____representation
8. Neat____
9. Invent____
10. ____interpret
Answers for Exercise 1
1. Passionate
2. Remembrance
3. Unconscious/Subconscious
4. Sensible/Senseless
5. Unacceptable
6. Entertainment
7. Misrepresentation
8. Neatly/Neatness
9. Invention
10. Misinterpret
Exercise 2 – Conversion of Words
Go through the following words and convert
them as directed.
1. Money (convert into adjective)
2. Brave (convert into noun)
3. Clean (convert into noun)
4. Prayer (convert into adjective)
5. Resemblance (convert into verb)
6. Slow (convert into adverb)
7. Treat (convert into noun)
8. Confession (convert into verb)
9. Vary (convert into adjective)
10. Beauty (convert into verb)
Answers for Exercise 2
1. Monetary
2. Bravery
3. Cleanliness
4. Prayerful
5. Resemble
6. Slowly
7. Treatment
8. Confess (admit)
9. Various/variable
10. Beautify
QUESTIONS
1. What are the main ways of enriching
vocabulary?
2. What are the productive ways of word
building in English?
3. What do we mean by affixation?
4. What is a morpheme?
5. How do we distinguish between a
morpheme and a word?
6. What is a suffix? What is a prefix?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!!!!!