Lecture Presentation

Chapter 1

Introduction:
Matter and
Measurement

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Matter and measurents
Matter
• mixtures and pure substances
• homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures
• compounds and elements
• chemical and physical changes
• physical and chemical properties

Numbers
• Accuracy and precision
• Significant figures
• Rounding off
• Scientific notation
• Metric units Matter
• Dimensional analysis And
Measurement
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 Chemistry
The study of the composition and structure of
materials and of the changes that materials
undergo.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Chemistry

• Chemistry is the study

of the properties and
behavior of matter.
• It is central to our
fundamental
understanding of many
science-related fields.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Scientific Method

Experiments Results

Hypothesis
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Scientific Method

Matter
And
Measurement
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Experiment
An observation of natural phenomena carried out in a
controlled manner so that the results can be duplicated and
rational conclusions obtained.

Hypothesis
A tentative explanation of some regularity of nature.

Theory
A tested explanation of a basic natural phenomenon.

Law
A concise statement or mathematical equation about a
fundamental relationship or regularity of nature. Matter
And
Measurement
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 Basic laws about matter

Law of conservation of mass

In an ordinary chemical reaction, mass is neither lost nor created

Law of constant proportions

A chemical compound always contains exactly the same

proportion of elements by mass

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes

up space.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Matter
• Atoms are the
building blocks of
matter.
• Each element is
made of a unique
kind of atom.
• A compound is
Note: Balls of different colors are made of two or more
used to represent atoms of different different kinds of
elements. Attached balls represent elements.
connections between atoms that
are seen in nature. These groups
of atoms are called molecules. Matter
And
Measurement
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 Methods of Classification

• State of Matter
• Composition of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
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 States of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
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 States of Matter
 The three states
of matter are
1) solid.
2) liquid.
3) gas.
 In this figure,
those states are
ice, liquid water,
and water vapor.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Classification of Matter
Based on Composition
 If you follow this
scheme, you
can determine
how to classify
any type of
matter.
 Homogeneous
mixture
 Heterogeneous
mixture
 Element
 Compound
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Classification of Matter—Substances
• A substance has distinct properties and a
composition that does not vary from sample
to sample.
• The two types of substances are elements
and compounds.
 An element is a substance which can not
be decomposed to simpler substances.
 A compound is a substance which can be
decomposed to simpler substances.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Compounds and Composition
• Compounds have a definite composition. That means
that the relative number of atoms of each element that
makes up the compound is the same in any sample.
• This is The Law of Constant Composition (or The
Law of Definite Proportions).

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Classification of Matter—Mixtures
• Mixtures exhibit the properties of the
substances that make them up.
• Mixtures can vary in composition
throughout a sample (heterogeneous) or
can have the same composition
throughout the sample (homogeneous).
• Another name for a homogeneous mixture
is solution.

Matter
And
Measurement
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*classify the following as elements, compounds,
heterogenous mixtures or homogenous mixtures

baking soda sand sugar

chlorine iodized salt bronze

copper brass air

blood milk salad Matter

And
Measurement
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 Types of Properties

• Intensive Properties are independent of

the amount of the substance that is
present.
◦ Examples include density, boiling point,
or color.
• Extensive Properties depend upon the
amount of the substance present.
◦ Examples include mass, volume, or energy.

Matter
And
Measurement
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Indicate which of the following are intensive or
extensive properties

Density Color
Volume Electrical resistance
Mass Odor
Specific volume Luster
Temperature Charge
Moles Pressure
Viscosity Malleability
Thermal conductivity Ductility
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Types of Properties
• Physical Properties can be observed
without changing a substance into another
substance.
◦ Some examples include boiling point,
density, mass, or volume.
• Chemical Properties can only be
observed when a substance is changed
into another substance.
◦ Some examples include flammability,
corrosiveness, or reactivity with acid.
Matter
And
Measurement
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which of the following are chemical or
physical properties
Melting point
Flammability
Viscosity
Boiling
Souring of milk
Rusting of iron
Food digestion
Taking a bite of food
Deployment of a car airbag Matter
And

Breaking of glass
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Measurement
 Types of Changes

• Physical Changes are changes in matter

that do not change the composition of a
substance.
◦ Examples include changes of state,
temperature, and volume.
• Chemical Changes result in new
substances.
◦ Examples include combustion, oxidation, and
decomposition.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Changes in State of Matter
 Converting between
the three states of
matter is a physical
change.
 When ice melts or
water evaporates,
there are still 2 H
atoms and 1 O atom
in each molecule.
Matter
And
Measurement
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Chemical Reactions (Chemical Change)

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting

substances are converted to new substances. Here,
the elements hydrogen and oxygen become water.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Separating Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated based on

physical properties of the components of
the mixture. Some methods used are

filtration.
distillation.
chromatography.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Filtration

• In filtration, solid
substances are
separated from
liquids and solutions.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Distillation
• Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to
separate a
homogeneous mixture
into its components.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Chromatography
• This technique separates substances on the basis
of differences in the ability of substances to adhere
to the solid surface, in this case, dyes to paper.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Numbers and Chemistry
• Numbers play a major role in chemistry.
Many topics are quantitative (have a
numerical value).
• Concepts of numbers in science
 Units of measurement
 Quantities that are measured and calculated
 Uncertainty in measurement
 Significant figures
 Dimensional analysis
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And
Measurement
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 Units of Measurements—SI Units

• Système International d’Unités (“The International

System of Units”)
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.
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And
Measurement
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 Units of Measurement—Metric System
The base units used in the metric system
• Mass: gram (g)
• Length: meter (m)
• Time: second (s or sec)
• Temperature: degrees Celsius (oC) or
Kelvins (K)
• Amount of a substance: mole (mol)
• Volume: cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) or
liter (l)
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Units of Measurement—
Metric System Prefixes

 Prefixes
convert the
base units
into units
that are
appropriate
for common
usage or
appropriate
measure.
Matter
And
Measurement
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 Mass and Length
• These are basic units we measure in
science.
• Mass is a measure of the amount of
material in an object. SI uses the kilogram
as the base unit. The metric system uses
the gram as the base unit.
• Length is a measure of distance. The
meter is the base unit.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Volume
• Note that volume is not a base
unit for SI; it is derived from
length (m × m × m = m3).
• The most commonly used metric
units for volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
 A liter is a cube 1 decimeter
(dm) long on each side.
 A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter
(cm) long on each side, also
called 1 cubic centimeter
(cm × cm × cm = cm3). Matter
And
Measurement
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 Temperature
 In general usage,
temperature is
considered the “hotness
and coldness” of an
object that determines the
direction of heat flow.
 Heat flows spontaneously
from an object with a
higher temperature to an
object with a lower
temperature.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Temperature
• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties
of water.
– 0 C is the freezing point of water.
– 100 C is the boiling point of water.
• The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
– It is based on the properties of gases.
– There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
– The lowest possible temperature is called absolute
zero (0 K).
• K = C + 273.15 Matter
And
Measurement
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 Temperature

• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific

measurements, but you hear about it in weather
reports!
• The equations below allow for conversion
between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales:
– F = 9/5(C) + 32
– C = 5/9(F − 32)

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Density
• Density is a physical property of a
substance.
• It has units that are derived from the units
for mass and volume.
• The most common units are g/mL or g/cm3.
• D = m/V

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Numbers Encountered in Science
• Exact numbers are counted or given by
definition. For example, there are 12 eggs
in 1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend
on how they were determined. Scientific
instruments have limitations. Some
balances measure to ±0.01 g; others
measure to ±0.0001g.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Uncertainty in Measurements
• Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.
• All measured numbers have some degree of
inaccuracy.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Accuracy versus Precision
• Accuracy refers to the
proximity of a
measurement to the true
value of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the
proximity of several
measurements to
each other.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Significant Figures

• The term significant figures refers to

digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Recording the proper number of
significant figures

**the digits in a measurement that are known with

certainty plus one digit that is uncertain**

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And
Measurement
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Graduated pipette Graduated cylinder Buret

Matter
And
Thermometer Measurement
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 Significant Figures in reported data

1. All nonzero digits are significant.

2. Zeroes between two significant figures
are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in
the number or they are under a bar (to
show significance).
Matter
And
Measurement
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Significant Figures

1. All non-zero digits count 1,234,456,789

2. All leading zeroes do not count 0.000 123 456

3. Confined zeroes do count 0.123 024

4. Trailing zeroes:

-With a decimal, all trailing zeroes count 0.125 000

-In the presence of bars, zeroes under the bar count
36,020,100
-in the absence of bars and decimal, zeroes do not count
36,020,100 Matter
And
Measurement
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 Rules for mathematical operations
ounding off
If the 1st digit to be dropped is less than 5, then that digit and all
gits that follow are dropped
.123 rounded to 3 sig figs becomes…..

If the first digit to be dropped is a 5 or greater, followed by at least

e non-zero digit, the excess digits are dropped and the last retained
git increases by 1
.782 rounded to 3 sig figs becomes…

f the 1st digit to be dropped is a 5 not followed by any other digits or

lowed by zeros, drop the 5 and any zeroes AND
increase the last retained digit by 1 if it is odd
Do not change the last retained digit if it is even
.650 rounded off to 3 sig figs becomes 62.6…(even rule) Matter
2.350 rounded off to 3 sig figs becomes 62.4….(odd rule) And
Measurement
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 Rules for mathematical operations

Multiplication and division:

-The calculated value has the same number of significant figures as the
number with the fewest significant figures

Addition and subtraction:

-the uncertainty in the calculated value must be the same as the

uncertainty in the input with the greatest uncertainty (last significant
place)

Matter
And
Measurement
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 Perform the following calculation
and round your answer to the
correct number of significant
figures:

92.35(0.456  0.421)
Calculator answer:
3.23225000
The answer should be rounded to two significant
figures because 0.456 – 0.421 = 0.035:
3.2
Matter
And
Measurement
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Calculate the following:
1. (2.05 X103) + (3.11 X 103) 13. (2.0 X 102) X(2 X 102)
2. (8.66 X 105) + (1.20 X 105) 14. (1.0521 X 105) X (5.2 X 10-5)
3. (2.0 X 104) + (0.02 X104) 15. (9.91 X 103) X (1.123 X 10-3)
4. (5.401 X 103) + (2.101 X 10-8) 16. (7.666 X 107) X (5.89 X108)
5. (6.0 X 106) + (7.75 X 10-8) 17. (1.0 X 10-6) X (2.25 X 106)
6. (1.01 X 103) - (9.952 X 10-2) 18. (6.857 X 10-5) ÷ (1.20 X 104)
7. (4.4 X 102) - (9.56 X102) 19. (1.250 X 105) X (8.000 X 102)
8. (1.53 X 107) - (1.12 X 106) 20. (2.5 X 10-3) X (4.000 X 105)
9. (5.99 X105) - (8.65 X 102) 21. (5.00 X 102) ÷ (5.000 X10-3)
10. (4.5 X107) – (5.567 X10-5) 22. (8.0 X 103) ÷ (2.000 X 103) Matter
11. (7.65 X 104)- (9.9 X 103) 23. (5.65 X 107) ÷ (5.62 X 105) And
4Measurement
12. (1.9901
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5 4 24. (7.000 X 10 ) ÷ (3.5 X 10 )
2
 Dimensional analysis

*this is a general problem solving approach in which the

relationships between quantities (or factors) are used as a
guide in setting up the calculation

*this applies to one step as well as complex problems

* in multiple step problems, an answer from a
preceding step serves as a given for the next
step

Desired quantity= Desired quantity unit X given quantity

Given quantity unit

Conversion factor Matter

And
Measurement
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*convert 12 grams into kilograms

-given: 12 g; desired: kilograms

kilograms = (1 kg/1000g) X 12 g = 0.012 kg
-always check sig figs

**convert 11 days into seconds

-given: 11 days, desired: kilograms

-multistep process
-strategy: days to hours to minutes to seconds
Seconds = 11 days X (24 hrs/1 day) X (60 mins/1 hr) X (60 secs/1 min)
Matter
= 950,400 s And
Measurement
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*other dimensional analysis problems involve do not
merely changing the units of the same quantity
Q:You're throwing a pizza party for 15 and figure each
person might eat 4 slices. How much is the pizza going to
cost you? You call up the pizza place and learn that each
pizza will cost you $14.78 and will be cut into 12 slices

A: $ 73.90

Matter
And
Measurement
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1. Express an acceleration of 9.81 m/s2 in ft/s2
2. How many eggs are in 10 and a half dozens of eggs?
3. Express the speed of 85 km/hr in inches per second.
4. Express 0.025 m in mm, km and miles
5. The mass of the earth is estimated at 6.6 X1021 metric tons.
Express this mass in grams.
6. Convert a volume of 56L to mL, µL, nL and gallons
7. Express 2.5 L in mm3, in3 and ft3

Conversion factors:
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 ft = 12 inches
Matter
1 inch = 2.54 cm And
1 ©gallon = 3.78 L
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Measurement