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Lecture 2

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Joven P. Salaber
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Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Joven P. Salaber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Units and Scales of

Pressure
Measurements

ENGR. SHEENA F. CASALHAY


Part- time
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
FLUID STATICS
It is the study of fluids in which there
is no relative motion between fluid
particles.
If there is no relative motion, no
shearing stresses exist, since velocity
gradients are required for shearing
stresses to be present.
FLUID STATICS

Liquids at Rest Linear Acceleration Angular Rotation


PRESSURE (Unit Pressure)
Pressure is the normal force per unit
area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or
surface, with the force acting at right angles
to the surface uniformly in all directions.
∆ 𝐅𝐧 where:
𝐏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 F = Force
∆𝐀 →𝟎 ∆ 𝐀
A = Cross-sectional
area
PRESSURE
Unit:
English System : lb/in² (psi)
SI : N/m² or Pa(Pascal)
International Usage (metric) : kg/cm²
(atmospheres)
ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
The absolute pressure reaches zero when an ideal
vacuum is achieved, that is, when no molecules
are left in a space; consequently, a negative
absolute pressure is an impossibility.

Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute


zero (vacuum).

GAGE PRESSURE
A second scale is defined by measuring pressures
relative to the local atmospheric pressure. These
are pressures above or below the atmosphere and
can be measured by pressure gauges or
manometers.
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure at any one
point on the Earth’s surface from the weight of
the air above it.

VACUUM PRESSURE
Vacuum is a space that has all matter removed
from it. A vacuum can also describe as a region of
space where the pressure is less than the normal
atmospheric pressure of 760mm (29.9 in) of
mercury.
PRESSURE

𝐏 𝐚𝐛𝐬 =𝐏 𝐚𝐭𝐦 + 𝐏 𝐠𝐚𝐠𝐞


VARIATION IN PRESSURE
1. The difference in pressure between any
two points in a homogeneous fluid at rest is
equal to the product of the unit weight of the
fluid (γ) to the vertical distance (h) between
the points.
=
VARIATION IN PRESSURE
2. A pressure applied at any point in a liquid
at rest is transmitted equally and
undiminished to every point other point in
the liquid.

=
VARIATION IN PRESSURE
3. The pressure at any point “h” below a free
liquid surface is equal to the product of the
unit weight of the fluid (γ) and h.

=
VARIATION IN PRESSURE
4. The pressure along the same horizontal
plane in a homogeneous fluid at rest are
equal.

=
PRESSURE BELOW LAYERS OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS
Consider the tank shown to be filled with
liquids of different densities and with air at
the top under a gage pressure of , the
pressure at the bottom of the tank is:
Σ γh + p
+ + +
γ𝟏
γ𝟐
γ𝟑
MANOMETERS
Manometers are instruments that use
columns of liquids to measure pressures.
A manometer is a
tube, usually bent in a
form of a U, containing
a liquid of known
specific gravity, the
surface of which moves
proportionally to
changes of pressure.
TYPES OF MANOMETER
U-tube
Manometer
It is used to measure
relatively small
pressures. In this case
the pressure in the pipe
can be determined by
defining a point 1 at the
P1 + γ z 1= P 2+ γz 2
center of the pipe and a
point 2 at the surface of
z 2 − z 1= h

the right column.


P2 =0
h
TYPES OF MANOMETER
U-tube
Manometer
A manometer used to
measure relatively large
P2 = P2 ′

pressures
P1 + γ 1 h= P3 + γ 2 H

Note : P 3= 0

𝐏 𝟏=− 𝛄 𝟏 𝐡 + 𝛄 𝟐 𝐇
Steps in Solving Manometer Problems
1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to
be expressed (water is most advisable)

2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface of


different fluids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for
a homogeneous fluid at rest, the pressure along the same
horizontal plane are equal). Label these points with the same
number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or
subtracting (if going up) pressure heads as the elevation
decreases or increases, respectively with due regard for the
specific gravity of the fluids.
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
What is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean?
Use sp.gr. = 1.03 for salt water.
Solution
:
Given:
h = 12.5 m 12 . 5 m
Sp.gr. = 1.03
P = γh
P = (9.81 kN/m³ )( 1.03)
(12.5m)
P =126.304
kN/m²
P =126.304 kPa
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa,
what is the pressure 27 meters below this point?
Use sp.gr. = 1.03.
Solution
:
Given:
= 60 kPa
h= 27 m 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐀
Sp.gr. = 1.03 – = γh 27 m
= + γh 𝟐
= 60 kN/m² + (9.81 kN/m³)(1.03) (27 m)
P = 332. 816 kN/m²
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3
An open tank contains 5.8 m of water
covered
with 3.2 m of kerosene (γ = 8 kN/m³).
Find the pressure at the interface and
at the
bottom of the tank.
Kerosene
γ=8
kN/m³
3.2 m

Water A
γ = 9.81 5.8 m
kN/m³
B
Solution
:
a. Pressure at the
interface
=
Kerosene
γ=8 = (8 kN/m³)(3.2 m)
kN/m³
3.2 m = 25.6 kPa

Water A b. Pressure at the bottom


γ = 9.81 5.8 m
kN/m³ =
B =+

= ( 8 kN/m³) ( 3.2m)+( 9.81 kN/m³)


( 5.8 m)
= 82.498 kPa
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4
For the manometer shown, determine the pressure
at the center of the pipe.

1.0 m

Mercury, s.g. =
1.5 m 13.55

Oil, s.g. = 0.80


Solution
: Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in
meters of water.
+ + =
1.0 m
0++ =

= 144.698 kPa

Mercury, s.g. =
1.5 m 13.55

Oil, s.g. = 0.80


THANK YOU!

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