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DAY4 Plant Structure and Function

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4 views

DAY4 Plant Structure and Function

Uploaded by

leanmarieallare0126
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21.

1 Plant Cells and Tissues

Identifying the Different Cell


types of
Plant (Plant Tissues)

Learning Objectives

•Identify the different plant cell types


(tissues)
•Describe the function of different plant
cell types (animal tissues)
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

KEY CONCEPT
Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues are made of three basic cell


types.

• Parenchyma cells
• Collenchyma cells
• Sclerenchyma cells
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues are made of three basic cell


types.
• Parenchyma cells are
the most common plant
cell type.
– store starch, oils and
water
– help heal wounds to
the plant
– have thin flexible
walls
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

• Collenchyma cells provide


support to a growing plant.
– they are strong and flexible.
– celery strings are strands of collenchyma.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

• Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest


plant cell type.
– second cell wall hardened by lignin
– die when they reach maturity
– used by humans to make linen and rope
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant organs are made of three tissue


systems.
• Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant.
– protects the plant
– secretes cuticle of leaves
– forms outer bark of trees

– Plant cuticle is the outermost layer of


plants, which covers leaves, fruits, flowers,
and non-woody stems of higher plants.
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

• Ground tissue is found inside a


plant.
–provides support
–stores materials in roots and
stems
–most commonly made of
parenchyma
21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues

• Vascular tissue transports water,


minerals and organic compounds.
– two networks of
hollow tubes
stem
– xylem transports
water and minerals
– phloem transports
leaf
photosynthetic
products
root
21.2 The Vascular System

KEY CONCEPT
The vascular system allows for the transport of
water, minerals, and sugars.
21.2 The Vascular System
Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.

• Xylem contains specialized cells.


– Vessel elements and tracheid cells
are a type of cell found in the xylem,
which is the part of the plant
responsible for transporting water and
minerals from the roots to the rest of
the plant.
– vessel elements are short and wide
– tracheid cells are long and narrow
– xylem cells die at maturity
21.2 The Vascular System
• The cohesion-tension theory explains
water movement.
– Plants passively transport water through the xylem.
– Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to
bond with each other.
– Adhesion is
the tendency
of water
molecules to
bond with
other
substances.
21.2 The Vascular System
• Water travels from roots to the top of
trees.
– absorption occurs at roots
– cohesion and adhesion in xylem
– transpiration at leaves
21.2 The Vascular System

• Transpiration is the
loss of water vapor
through leaves.

– water vapor exits leaf


stomata
– helps pull water to the top
branches
21.3 Roots and Stems

KEY CONCEPT
Roots and stems form the support system of vascular
plants.
21.3 Roots and Stems
Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from
soil.

• Roots provide
many functions.
– support the
plant
– absorb,
transport, and
store nutrients
– root hairs help
absorption
21.3 Roots and Stems

• There are
several parts
of a root.

–root cap covers


the tip
root cap
21.3 Roots and Stems

• There are
several parts of
a root.
–root cap covers
the tip
–apical meristem apical meristem

is an area of
growth
21.3 Roots and Stems

• There are several parts of a root.

– root cap covers the tip


– apical meristem is
an area of growth vascular cylinder

– vascular cylinder contains xylem


and phloem
21.3 Roots and Stems

• There are two main types of roots.


Fibrous root systems have fine branches.

Taproot
systems have
one main root. Taproot

Fibrous root
21.3 Roots and Stems

Pictures to Study for Test!


21.3 Roots and Stems

Roots
– monocots versus dicots.

Monocot Dicot
21.3 Roots and Stems

Roots
– Monocot roots are fibrous, meaning they form a wide
network of thin roots that originate from the stem and
stay close to the surface of the soil. In contrast, dicots
have “taproots,” meaning they form a single thick root
that grows deep into the soil and has smaller, lateral
branches.

Monocot Dicot
21.3 Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide
storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– store water

Baobab trees Cactus


21.3 Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide
storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– store water
– grow underground for storage

Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers


21.3 Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide
storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– store water
– grow underground for storage
– form new plants

Strawberry
stolons
21.3 Roots and Stems

• Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.


21.3 Roots and Stems

• Some stems can


be woody, and
form protective
bark.
21.3 Roots and Stems

• Primary growth increases a plant’s length.


• Secondary growth increases a plant’s width.
21.3 Roots and Stems

• Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.


bands bark

heartwood

one year sapwood


of growth
21.3 Roots and Stems

Monocot Stem
21.3 Roots and Stems
Dicot Stem
21.4 Leaves

KEY CONCEPT
Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
21.4 Leaves

Monocot Leaves:
Monocot leaves typically exhibit parallel
venation, where the veins run parallel to
each other from the base of the leaf to
the tip. This parallel arrangement is a
21.4 Leaves

Dicot Leaves:
Leaf Venation: Dicot leaves exhibit
reticulate venation, where the veins form
a branching, net-like pattern throughout
the leaf blade. This branching pattern is a
key characteristic of dicot leaves.
21.4 Leaves
Most leaves share some similar structures.

• The blade is usually


broad and flat.
blade
– collects sunlight
for photosynthesis
– connects to the
stem by a petiole petiole
21.4 Leaves

• Guard cells surround each stoma.


– Stomata open and close when guard cells change
shape.
– When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas
exchanges.
– Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much
water.

guard cells stoma


21.4 Leaves

• Leaves may be simple, compound, or double compound.

Simple leaf Compound Double


leaf compound leaf
21.4 Leaves

• Leaf veins may be parallel or pinnate.

Parallel veins Pinnate veins


21.4 Leaves

• Leaf margins may be toothed, entire, or lobed.

Toothed Entire Lobed


margin margin margin
21.4 Leaves

• Leaves have many adaptations.


– for extreme temperatures,
ex: pine needles
21.4 Leaves

• Leaves have many adaptations.


– for extreme temperatures,
ex: pine needles
– for water loss,
ex: cactus spines
21.4 Leaves

• Leaves have many adaptations.


– for extreme temperatures,
ex: pine needles
– for water loss,
ex: cactus spines
– for aquatic environments,
ex: water lily
21.4 Leaves

• Leaves have many adaptations.


– for extreme temperatures,
ex: pine needles
– for water loss,
ex: cactus spines
– for aquatic environments,
ex: water lily
– for getting food,
ex: Venus’ flytrap
21.4 Leaves

Monocot leaf
21.4 Leaves

Dicot leaf

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