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17 views

488592OPS

Uploaded by

Rafiaa Al Sharaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Management Tools

Problem Solving
Chapter 17

Doug Winter, Christy Blew, Anh Le, Jennifer Stoltz


The “Why Why” Tool…
The “Why Why” Tool…
• Why did the customer return the product?
• It had a faulty component

• Why did it have a faulty component?


• It was machined wrong

• Why was it machined wrong?


• The calibration was off

• Why was the calibration off?


Forced Field Analysis…
Identify the forces and factors that may influence the problem or goal

1. State current situation, problem, or desired state.

2. List all the forces driving change and restraining change (from the current
state, or to the desired state)

3. Explore each force -- are they valid, what is behind them, and can they be
changed?

4. Determine the strength of each force using an evaluative scale (e.g. High-
Medium-Low or 1-10 with 1 being extremely weak top to bottom listing)

5. A graphical presentation of the forces and their relative strength is useful in


visualizing the dynamics of the situation and what change is viable.

6. Develop action plans to reduce restraining forces and increasing driving


forces.
Forced Field Analysis… A graphical presentation of the
forces and their relative strength
is useful in visualizing the
State current situation, dynamics of the situation and
problem, or desired state what change is viable.

List all the forces


driving change Explore each force
and restraining -- are they valid,
change (from the what is behind
current state, or them, and can they
to the desired be changed?
state)

Determine the strength of each force using an evaluative scale (e.g. High-Medium-Low or 1-10
with 1 being extremely weak, top to bottom listing)

Develop action plans to reduce restraining forces and increasing driving forces.
Nominal Group Technique…
• Everyone submits problem they think is most
important
• Problems are listed
• Each member ranks all problems
• Rankings given numerical value in regards to
importance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--- REVIEW ---
The canning factory that you are in management for is
being faced with the possibility of downsizing and
lay-offs of several hundred employees.

1. Use the WHY WHY Tool to determine the


main reason for this situation.

2. Use FORCED FIELD ANALYSIS to meet the


objective to avoid lay-offs.
Affinity Diagram…
 Conduct a brainstorming session on the topic under investigation.

 Clarify the list of ideas. Record them on small cards or Post-It


notes.
 Randomly lay out cards on a table, flipchart, wall, etc.
 Without speaking, sort the cards into "similar" groups based on
your gut reaction. If you don't like the placement of a particular
card, move it. Continue until consensus is reached.
 Create header cards consisting of a concise 3-5 word description;
the unifying concept for the group. Place header card at top of
each group.
 Discuss the groupings and try to understand how the groups relate
to each other.
Affinity Diagram…

Sample
Layout
Also see page
446 in your
textbook
Post-It notes or cards that can be easily
moved and changed in positions
Interrelationship Digraph…
Used to show cause-and-effect relationships between identified factors surrounding an issue

1. Place the problem statement or desired outcome in the middle of a large piece of paper,
such as, a flipchart.

2. Draw a double circle around the statement or outcome.

3. Arrange the major items (if using an affinity diagram to feed this, use the title cards) in a
circle around the problem statement. Place the cards which have ideas most closely
related to the problem nearer the problem, if this can be determined.

4. Draw lines between ideas that are related. Put an arrowhead on the end of the line that
shows the direction of the cause and effect relationship. Use only one way arrows. The
arrow should point toward the effect and away from the cause. Each of the cards should
have an arrow pointing toward the problem statement.

5. Count the number of arrows leading into and out of each idea card. Place the number of
arrows going out of the card, a slash and the number of arrows coming into the card
above each card (i.e. number away/number into -3/4).

6. The card with the most arrows going out is the key cause factor. Place a double box
around it.
Interrelationship Digraph…

Sample
Layout
Also see pages
447-448 in your
textbook
Questions So Far?
--- REVIEW ---
and present
Your company has to shut down a main production line.

Create an AFFINITY DIAGRAM to decide which line will be the one


that gets shut down.

Your company is trying to implement a new rewards


programs for employee moral.

Create an INTERRELATION DIAGRAPH to come up with the best


kind of program for your employees.
Let’s Take a 10-15 Minute Break!
“7 Management and
Planning Tools”
• Affinity Diagram
• Interrelationship Diagraph

• Tree Diagram
• Matrix Diagram
• Prioritization Methods
• Process Decision Program Chart
• Activity Network Diagram
Tree Diagrams…
Breaks down or stratifies
ideas in progressively
greater detail. The objective
is to partition a big idea or
problem into its smaller
components, making the
idea easier to understand,
or the problem easier to
solve.

Sample Layout
Also see page 450 in
your textbook
Matrix Diagrams…

Helps you to identify and


analyze the presence and
strength of relationships
between two sets of
information.

Sample Layout
Also see page 451 in
your textbook
Prioritization Matrices…
Helps you rank problems or issues (usually generated through brainstorming)
by a particular criterion that is important to your organization. Then you can
more clearly see which problems are the most important to work on solving
first.

Sample Layout
Also see page 452 in your textbook
Process Decision Program Chart…
A method that graphically
displays as many alternatives
and contingencies that can be
determined in advance to
strategies for dealing with
them can be determined in
advance.

Sample Layout
Also see page 454 in
your textbook
Activity Network Diagram…
Helps you to work out the most
efficient sequence of events
needed to complete any project. It
enables you to create a realistic
project schedule by graphically
showing

• the total amount of time needed


to complete the project

• the sequence in which tasks


must be carried out

• which tasks can be carried out at


the same time

• which are the critical tasks that Sample Layout


you need to keep an eye on. Also see page 455 in
your textbook
Questions?
--- APPLY IT ---
The continuing conflict in the Middle East
has raised commodity prices to record
levels which is threatening to put your
company financially under.
• What is the greatest impact to your
company?
• Using the tools reviewed, work toward a
solution that will help your company
resolve this problem.
--- DISCUSS IT ---
• What tool did you use?
• Did you try a tool that didn’t
work? Why didn’t it?
• How easy/hard was it to apply
the tool to meet your goal?
--- CONCLUSION ---
• 10 Tools Presented
• First 3 can be used in variety of
situations
• Last 7 are known as “7 Management
and Planning Tools”
• These tools are most effective when
used as a system to implement an
improvement plan
Resources used from the web…

• Force Field Analysis - http://www.axi.ca/tca/Jul2003/facilitationrole_1.shtml


• http://www.smartdraw.com/resources/centers/bpm/ex_force_field.htm
• Affinity Diagrams -http://mot.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/mt322/Affinity.htm
• Interrelationship Digraph -http://quality.enr.state.nc.us/tools/interdigraph.htm
• Relations Diagram (or Interrelationship Digraph)
-http://www.skymark.com/resources/tools/relations_diagram.asp
• Tree Diagram -http://www.tin.nhs.uk/sys_upl/templates/DblLeft/DblLeft_disp.asp?
pgid=1275&tid=75
• Matrix Diagram - http://www.tin.nhs.uk/sys_upl/templates/DblLeft/DblLeft_disp.asp?
pgid=1276&tid=75
• Prioritization Matrix - http://erc.msh.org/quality/pstools/psprior3.cfm
• The Seven Management and Planning Tools
-http://www.goalqpc.com/whatweteach/Research/7mp.html#
• Activity Network Diagram -
http://www.tin.nhs.uk/sys_upl/templates/StdLeft/StdLeft_disp.asp?pgid=1378&tid=50

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