Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Introduction

CS101L
School of Management Sciences
Section - 2

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Instructor
Email: [email protected]
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
Office: S-01, 2rd Floor, New Academic Block
Office Hours: 1100-1400 (Mondays / Thursdays)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Course TA
• Course TA: TBD
• Lab TA : Sidra Ayesha

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Books
Text books:
• Paul J. Deitel and Harvey M. Dietel, “ C++20 for Programmers ”, 9th Edition,
Deitel & Associates, Inc. (2022)

Reference books:
• Chakraborty, U., Banerjee, A., Saha, J. K., Sarkar, N., & Chakraborty, C. (Eds.).
(2022). Artificial intelligence and the fourth industrial revolution. CRC Press.

• Parsons, J. J. (2022). New Perspectives Computer Concepts Comprehensive.

Cengage Learning.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Dishonesty, Plagiarism in Quizzes, Assignments

• All individuals involved in any kind of cheating in any exam,
quiz, assignment or project will get penalty score (upto -70%),
and/or not acceptance and/or disciplinary action will be taken
as per code of conduct.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Attendance
• According to the institute’s policy, students are expected to
attend 100% of their registered classes.

• In exceptional cases, a minimum of 80% attendance is

required to be eligible for exams.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Tentative* Evaluation Breakdown

Assignments 10-12
Quizzes 10-12
Term Project 8-10
Midterm 30
Final 40

Total 100

Note: Students may be awarded bonus points or extra credit for demonstrating
exceptional engagement during class discussions, including answering
particularly challenging questions. Bonus points will be allocated at the
instructor’s discretion and will be applied towards overall course performance

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Course Execution
• 2 lectures of one hour every week
• 1 lab of three hours every week (CS 101 L)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Motivation
• Only 1 of 2 programming courses out of
approx. 40 courses

• Programming is used in each field ,yes even

in management sciences
• Competitive Edge: Gain essential tech skills
to stay ahead in today’s market.

• efficiency: Automate tasks, freeing up time

for strategic work.

• Remember practice makes a person

“perfect”.
– Same goes for programming.
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computers Today

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

A Tool for Communication

Social Networking

Searching
e-mail

Blog
Chat

Content Sharing
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

A Tool for Entertainment

Multimedia

Games
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer
• We know how to use a computer

• We have an idea where it stands today

• YOU have to contribute towards its future !

• Now let’s look at what it is and the modest beginnings from

where it evolved !

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-1-)

• A computer is a machine that

– inputs (takes in) facts and information (known as data*)
– then processes (does something to or with) it
– can also store data
– afterwards it outputs, or displays, the results for you to see

* Data is all kinds of information, including,

pictures, letters, numbers, and sounds

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-2-)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

What is a Computer (-3-)

• The defining feature of modern computers which

distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can
be programmed
– a list of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer
e.g.,
– add one number to another
– move some data from one location to another
– send a message to some external device, etc
– it will store them (in memory)
– and carry them out (execute) some time in future
– Usually in the same order in which the instructions were given

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-1-)

• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in

1613
– referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations !

• The word continued to be used in that sense until the

middle of the 20th century
– before modern electronic computers were developed

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-2-)

• The history of the modern computer begins with two separate
technologies
– Automated Calculation
– Programmability

• Early computers were mechanical calculating devices such

as
– Abacus, 3000 B.C
– Slide rule

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-3-)

Chinese Abacus: for performing arithmetic processes

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-4-)

Slide Rule: for performing multiplication, division, computing

roots, logarithms, trigonometric functions
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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-5-)

• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer -
was the first general-purpose electronic computer developed
around 1946
• operated at 5 kIPS [thousand instructions per second]
» Today's desktops can perform 10000+ MIPS
• weighed 30 tons (Equals weight of an average Asian
elephant)
• size was roughly 8.5 x 3 x 80 feet
• contained around 5 million hand-soldered joints
• consumed 150 kW of power; enough to dim the lights of
Peshawar when it was run!
– Input was given from an IBM card reader
– An IBM card punch was used for output

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

History of Computer (-6-)

Working
on,
rather
‘inside’ ,
ENIAC

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

kind of Computers
1 Microcomputers
– These are the most widely used and the fastest-growing type of
computers. There are two major categories:
– Desktop Computers are small enough to fit on top or along the
side of a desk and yet are too big to carry around.
• Personal Computers
• Workstations
– Portable Computers are small enough and light enough to move
easily from one place to another.
• Laptops: 10-16 pounds in weight
• Notebooks: 5-10 pounds in weight
• Subnotebooks: 2-6 pounds in weight
• Personal Digital Assistants: Also known as palmtop
computers and handheld PCs. They combine pen input,
writing recognition and communication capabilities

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

2 Mainframe Computers
 These are large computers.
 They are capable of great processing speeds and data-
storing.
 They are used by large organizations – business, banks,
government agencies etc – to handle millions of transactions.
 For example, airline companies use mainframe computers to
process information about millions of travelers.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

3 Supercomputers
 The most powerful type of computer is the supercomputer.
 These machines are special, high-capacity computers used by
very large organizations.
 For example, NASA uses supercomputers to track and control
space explorations.
 Supercomputers are also used for oil exploration, simulations
and worldwide weather forecasting.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Five Parts of an Information System

1. People 4. Hardware
2. Procedures 5. Data
3. Software

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

People
• Most important part of any system
• Contact is …
– Direct
– Indirect
• Computer uses
– Business & Entertainment
– Education & Medicine

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Software
• Programs
• Two major kinds of software
– System Software
– Application Software

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

System Software
• A collection of programs
• Enables the application software to interact with the
hardware
• Background software that helps the computer manage its
own resources

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Application Software

• “End-user” software
• Two major categories
– General purpose
– Special purpose

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Hardware

• Equipment that processes the data

• Controlled by software
• Physical devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Monitor
– Other devices

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
• Mainframe computers
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Supercomputers
High capacity
Used by very large organizations
Tracking space
Tracking weather

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Mainframe Computers
• Occupies specially wired, air-conditioned rooms
• Capable of great processing speeds and data storage
• Not as powerful as supercomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Minicomputers
• Known as midrange computers
• Used by medium-size companies
• Used by departments of large companies

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Microcomputers
• Least powerful
• Widely used
• Four types of Microcomputers

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Four Types of Microcomputers

• Desktop
• Notebook or laptop Desktop Notebook
• Tablet PC
• Handheld

Handheld Tablet PC

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Desktop Computers
• Are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet
are too big to carry around

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Notebook or Laptop Computers

• Notebook, also known as laptop computers, are portable,
lightweight, and fit into most briefcases

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Tablet PC
• Is a type of notebook computer that accepts your
handwriting. This input is digitized and converted to
standard text that can be further processed by programs
such as a word processor.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Handheld
• Are the smallest and are also known as palm computers.
These systems typically combine pen input, writing
recognition, personal organizational tools, and
communications capabilities.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Microcomputer Hardware
• System unit
• Input/output devices
• Secondary storage
• Communications

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Data
• Raw, unprocessed facts
• Processing creates information
• Stored electronically in files
– Document files
– Worksheet files
– Database files  Presentation

– Presentation files
 Database

 Worksheet

 Document

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Document Files
• Created by word processors to save documents such as
memos, term papers,
and letters

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Worksheet Files
• Created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things like
budgets and to predict sales

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Database Files
• Typically created by database management programs to
contain highly structured and organized data

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Presentation Files
• Created by presentation graphics programs to save
presentation materials. For example, a file might contain
audience handouts, speaker notes, and electronic slides.

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Connectivity, the Wireless Revolution, and

the Internet
• Connectivity
– Sharing of information
– Wireless communication is becoming popular
• Computer networks
– Connected communication system of computers
– Largest network is the Internet

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Knowledge Foundation

Being Computer Competent means using and

understanding Information Technology (IT)

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Some Important IT Developments

• The Internet & the Web
• Powerful software & hardware
• Privacy & security
• Organizations
• Changing Times
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence

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Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Do you know GIKI has a super computer?

• The facility consists of 160 CPU Cores,
• 1024 GPU Cores
• 640 GB RAM
For details: https://giki.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/HPCManual.pdf

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

The future of computers predicted in the past

• I think there is a world market for maybe

five computers.
-- Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943

• Computers in the future may weigh no

more than 1.5 tons.
-- Popular Mechanics, 1949

• There is no reason anyone would want a

computer in their home.
--Ken Olson, CEO, Digital Equipment Corp., 1977

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

By the way, Einstein (1879-1955) never said this 

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 01: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

References
• http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Computing_Using_
Windows

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
• http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/summ
er.08/notes/historyofcomputing/
• http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html
• http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi