CH-1 Introduction To Surveying
CH-1 Introduction To Surveying
Surveying Applications
divisions of
Importance of
Classifica
surveying
Basic
Surveying
Primary
tion of
tion
Measure
survey
g
ments in
based on
Surveyin
instrume
g
nts used
Introduction Surveying
Brain storm question
• What is surveying
• Horizontal distance,
• The stage of survey work is from office work to field work and vise
versa
Why Surveying is art and Science?
• Surveying may be defined as the science of determining the
position, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made features
on or beneath the surface of the Earth.
• 1807: United States Geological Survey founded to establish an accurate control network
and mapping
• Famous American Surveyors: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, George Rogers Clark,
Abe Lincoln and many more.
Brief History of Surveying:
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population increased,
and land value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
• Educational requirements for licensure began in the early 1990’s
• Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning using global positioning
systems, construction machine control, and lidar (scanning) mapping
• Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and geographic information systems
(GIS)
• Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the 21st century
Classification of Surveying
Primary divisions of surveying
• Primary division of surveying is made on the basis
of whether the curvature of the earth is considered or
assumed to be flat plane.
Primary division of surveying
Route surveying:
Satellite surveys:
Land surveying: Control surveying:
Engineering surveys:
Construction surveys:
• Mine surveys: These surveys are conducted to determine the relative
positions and elevations of mines, shafts, bore holes etc for underground
works. Mine surveys are useful to plan the working of mines and to compute
obtain information required for preparation of maps, plans, and sections etc.
After the plans have been prepared and the structures designed, the
construction survey is conducted. The points and lines are established on the
• Engineering surveys: Engineering surveys are conducted to collect data for
the designing and planning of engineering works such as building, roads,
bridges, dams, reservoirs, sewers and water supply lines. These surveys
generally include surveys discussed above.
• Errors can be positive or negative depending on whether the true value is larger or
smaller than the measured value
Mistakes
• Also known as blunders
• Usually caused by lack of care or attention in the measurement process by
humans
• There are cases of technology defects that appear as blunders in
measurements
Mistakes are sometimes called gross errors, but should not
be classified as errors at all. They are blunders, often
resulting from fatigue or the inexperience of the surveyor.
• Typical examples are omitting a whole tape length when
measuring distance, sighting the wrong target in a round of
angles, reading ‘6’ on a levelling staff as ‘9’ and vice
versa.
• Mistakes are the largest of the errors likely to arise, and
therefore great care must be taken to obviate them.
• However, because they are large they are easy to spot and
so deal with.
Type of error
Systematic or Accidental, random
cumulative or compensating.
Systematic or cumulative
• A systematic error is an error that will always have the same
magnitude and the same algebraic sign under the same
conditions.
• In most cases, systematic errors are caused by physical and
natural conditions that vary in accordance with known
mathematical or physical laws.
– Repeated
• Use of insufficiently accurate
computation equations (too few
terms in a series.)
• Failure to apply necessary
geometric reductions of
Systematic
errors are measurements.
caused by: • Failure to apply necessary
• This is yet another good reason to make extra measurements beyond the
required minimum.
– Occur randomly
—remain in the measurements after mistakes and systematic errors are
corrected.
– Magnitude and direction of the error are subject to chance
Source of
error
Natural/
Instrumen Personal/
environm
tal surveyor
ental
• Instrumental errors are caused by imperfections in the design,
construction, and adjustment of instruments and other equipment.
Instruments can be calibrated to overcome these imperfections.
Examples of instrument error are: