THE UNIVERSE

By- Prashoon, Maanith, Vedant,

Sweekrit
Introduction of the
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents,
including planets, galaxies, star, and all other forms of matter
and energy. In simple words, universe is everything. It is the
whole cosmic system of matter and energy of which Earth,
and therefore the human race, is a part. Humanity has traveled
a long road since societies imagined Earth, the Sun, and the
Moon as the main objects of creation, with the rest of the
universe being formed almost as an afterthought.
 Galaxies
Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark
matter held together by gravity. Gravity is responsible for
holding all the galaxy all together. The word ‘galaxy’ is derived
from the Greek galaxias which means ‘milky’ reference to
milky way galaxies which contains solar system. Galaxies,
averaging an estimated 100 million stars range in size
from dwarfs with less than a hundred million stars, to the largest
galaxies known as supergiants with one hundred trillion stars,
each orbiting its galaxy’s center of the mass. Most of the mass
in a typical galaxy is in the form of dark matter, with only a few
percent of that mass visible in the form of stars and nebulae.
Supermassive black holes are a common feature at the center of
galaxies. Galaxies are categorized according to their visual
morphology as elliptical, spiral, or irregular. Many are thought
to have supermassive black holes at their centers. The Milky
Way's central black hole, known as Sagittarius , has a mass four
million times greater than the Sun.
 Constellation and its types
The groups of stars that make an imaginary shape in the night sky are called constellations.
Constellations are easily recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the
night sky. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation or
mythology. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which
lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally
recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many
changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were
limited to a single culture or nation. There are 88 official constellation.
 Some types of
constellation
 Ursa Major  Aquila
 Libra
 Orion  Draco
 Cassiopeia  Lyra
 Gemini  Pisces
 Usra minor  Boötes
 Taurus
 Scorpius
 Canis Major
 Leo
 Cygnus

Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the universe began. Everything we look around
from the grain of sand to trees, to mountains, earth, galaxies, and the universe, it was all formed after a big
bang. A lot of scientists assume that the universe began nearly 13.7 billion ago with a massive explosion of
an extremely hot bubble. Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything in the entire universe was condensed in
an infinitesimally small singularity, a point of infinite, denseness and heat. Suddenly, an explosive
expansion began. Because of some reasons, the point suddenly burst which is known as big bang. It is
believed that along with universe time was also born. The theory itself was originally formalised by Father
Georges Lemaître in 1927. The problem with this theory is that It violates the first law of thermodynamics
 EVOLUTION
OF THE
ORGANISM ON
THE EARTH
 ORIGIN OF THE
EARTH
The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago out of a mixture of dust and
gas around the young sun. It grew larger thanks to countless collisions
between dust particles, asteroids, and other growing planets, including
one last giant impact that threw enough rock, gas, and dust into space to
form the moon.

Planetesimals are bodies in space that are not large enough to be

designated as planets but which combine with others to form bigger
protoplanets
The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in
the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and
evolution of the Solar System. It suggests the Solar System is
formed from gas and dust orbiting the Sun which clumped up
together to form the planets. The theory was developed by
Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural
History and Theory of the Heavens (1755) and then modified
in 1796 by Pierre Laplace

Theory of the origin of the solar system, involving the

approach near the Sun of another star. This set up tidal
forces, and the instability of the Sun resulted in part of its
mass being torn off to form the planets. The theory was
proposed by Sir James H. Jeans (1877–1946) and Sir
Harold Jeffreys
GEOLOGICAL TIME
SCALE
The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth
history. It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time in
descending order of duration—eons, eras, periods, epochs, and
ages.

The Archean Eon in older sources sometimes called the

Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's
history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the
Proterozoic. The Archean represents the time period from 4,000 to
2,500 Ma (millions of years ago). The Late Heavy Bombardment is
hypothesized to overlap with the beginning of the Archean. The
Huronian glaciation occurred at the end of the eon.
The Proterozoic is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's
history, spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8 Mya,[6]
the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale. It is preceded
by the Archean and followed by the Phanerozoic, and is the
most recent part of the Precambrian "supereon
The Phanerozoic is the current and the latest of the four
geologic eons in the Earth's geologic time scale, covering the
time period from 538.8 million years ago to the present. It is the
eon during which abundant animal and plant life has
proliferated, diversified and colonized various niches on the
Earth's surface, beginning with the Cambrian period when
animals first developed hard shells that can be clearly preserved
in the fossil record.
THANK
YOU