Elements of Civil

Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics
INTRODUCTION

TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
 What is
Engineering ?
The application of scientific &
mathematical principles to obtain
practical ends for the Design,
Construction, or Operation of efficient,
economical, & environmentally sound
Structures, Equipment, or Systems for Just
about EVERYTHING AROUND US! So,
everything around us involves
Engineering.
Engineering is a term applied to the profession
in which a knowledge of the mathematical and
natural sciences, gained by study, experience,
and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the
 What is Civil
Engineering ?
Civil Engineering is a branch of
engineering that encompasses the
conception, design, construction, and
management of
residential and commercial buildings and
structures, water supply facilities, and
transportation systems for goods and
people, as well as control of the
environment for the maintenance and
improvement
Civil engineers design things.
of theThese
qualitymight
of life. be roads,
buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, or water supply and
sewage systems. They must consider many factors in their
designs, from the costs to making sure the structure will stay
intact during bad weather. This is one of the oldest types of
Disciplines of Civil Engineering
Hydraulics,
Architecture &
Water Resource &
Town Planning
Irrigation Engineering

Building Remote Sensing & GIS

Materials

Construction Structural
Civil Engineering
Technology Engineering

Environmental
Surveying
Engineering

Geotechnical Transportation
Engineering Engineering
 Surveyin
• Surveying is the g
Art, science
and technique of determining
the relative positions of points
on or above or below the
surface of the earth.
• Activity involved in collection of
topographic features of a
location for future construction.
• Map making process.
• Conventional instruments like
chain, tape, leaving
instruments, distance meters,
total stations, photogrammetry
and remote sensing.
Objectives of
Surveying
• Execution of survey to collect
topographic data

• Calculation and analysis of data,

plotting.

• Survey data to create design maps.

• Provision of line, grade and other

layout works.
 Building
• The materials
engineering structures are
composed of materials known as
engineering materials or building
materials or materials of
construction.
• These materials are brick, tiles, soil,
cement, stone, sand, steel,
aggregates, glass, wood, plastics.
Some are natural and many are man
made.
• This deals with the proper use of
desired material economically and
safely.
• The materials which are used for
construction should have properties
such as water resistant, strength,
durability, permeability, heat
Types of Building Materials
Sl. Based on Building material
No.
1 Availabilit Natural: sand, stone, timber
y Manmade: bricks, cement, concrete,
flooring or roofing tiles

2 Nature/ Chemical based materials: plastic,

properties PVC
Soil based materials: bricks, roof
tiles
Metals: steel. aluminum, brass
Glass: different types of glass
Timber based materials: plywood,
particle board
Smart materials: piezoelectric
materials
 Construction
• Deals
technology
with planning,
scheduling and execution of
construction activity related to
a project.
• Comprises of men, material,
time and money
management.
• Emphasis will be on new
construction practice, use of
appropriate and local
technology, safety of men and
material, utilization of
marginal materials etc.
 Construction
•
management
Construction managers:
– Review contracts.
– Order materials.
– Hire and schedule
sub-contractors.
• The job of a construction
manager is to:
– Provide quality
control and insure
project is completed
on time.
– Within budget.
 Geotechnical

engineering
Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil
engineering concerned with the engineering
behavior of earth materials.
 Geotechnical engineering includes
investigating existing subsurface conditions
and materials; determining their
physical/mechanical and chemical properties
that are relevant to the project considered,
(Type of structure – i.e., whether the structure is
residential, commercial, industrial building or
roads, bridges, dams etc.,) assessing risks
posed by site conditions; designing earthworks
and structure foundations; monitoring site
conditions, earthwork and foundation
construction.
 Structural
engineering
 The term structural derives
from the Latin word ‘structus’,
which is "to pile, build,
assemble".
 Structural engineering is a field
of engineering dealing with the
analysis and design of
structures that support or resist
loads economically.
 Structural engineers analyze,
design, plan steel, concrete, or
timber framed structures.
 The load of the structure is
transferred to soil.
• Structural engineers ensure that
buildings and structures are built to
be strong enough and stable
enough to resist all appropriate
structural loads (e.g., self weight or
dead load, live loads, dynamic
loads, wind load, snow, rain,
seismic load (earthquake), earth
pressure, temperature, and traffic).
 Hydrauli
 Hydraulics is acs
branch of engineering which deals
with the behavior of fluid at rest or at motion.
 Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and
engineering dealing with the mechanical
properties of liquids.
 Determination of fluid properties (density,
viscosity, vapour pressure) and determination of
fluid flow parameters (velocity, pressure,
discharge).
 Design of valves, gates, conveying systems for
fluids, rotodynamic machines(pumps, turbines
etc), hydropower system, streamlined bodies,
boats, ships
 Storm water management

 A typical geotechnical engineering project begins
with a review of project needs to define the
required material properties.
 Then follows a site investigation of soil, rock, fault
distribution and bedrock properties on and below
an area of interest to determine their engineering
properties including how they will interact with, on
or in a proposed construction.
 Site investigations are needed to gain an
understanding of the area in or on which the
engineering will take place.
 Investigations can include the assessment of the
risk to humans, property and the environment
from natural hazards such as earthquakes,
landslides, sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows
and rock falls.
 Water resources and
irrigation engineering
• Water resource engineering deals
with identification & utilization of
available water resources
minimizing the loss. Surface
water such as river and lake
water and ground water are
usefully managed.
Falkirk Wheel in Scotland
• Irrigation engineering deals the
analysis and design of irrigation
systems which include dams,
weir, barrage, canals, drains etc.
• Dams are constructed at the
desired locations to store water
in reservoir when the supply from
river is good and to utilize for Hoover Dam in USA
useful purpose during draught.
 Transportation
• engineering
Transport engineering (or
transportation engineering) is the
science of safe and efficient
movement of people and goods
(transport).
• The design aspects of transport
engineering include the sizing of
transportation facilities (how many
lanes or how much capacity the
facility has), determining the
materials and thickness used in
pavement, designing the geometry
(vertical and horizontal alignment)
of the roadway (or track).
• The modes of transportation can be
classified as 1) Road ways
( Highways and Railways) 2) Water
 Environmental
• engineering
Environmental engineering is the
application of science and engineering
principles to improve the environment
(air, water, and/or land resources), to
provide healthy water, air, and land for
human habitation and for other
organisms, and to remediate polluted
sites.
• Measurement of pollutants (air, water,
radioactive, noise)
• Water and wastewater treatment
• Determining/fixing standards for
effluents
• R&D for recycling/reusing the mass or
energy from wastes Largest treatment basins in the USA
• Monitoring, control and/or prevention of
different types of pollution
• EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessment/analysis) for factories and
INFRASTRUCTUR

E
 What is
infrastructure?
Infrastructure is the
 framework of
supporting system consisting of
roads, airports, bridges, buildings,
parks and other amenities for the
comfort of mankind.
 The word is a combination of "infra"
and "structure“ . The term came to
prominence in the US in the 1980s
following the publication of America
WHO TYPICALLY
in Ruins (Choate and Walter, 1981),
DESIGNS which initiated discussion of the
INFRASTRUCTURE? nation’s "infrastructure crisis"
caused by inadequate investment
Civil Engineers!! and poor maintenance of public
works.
 Types of
 Good infrastructure
town planning and provision for future
development i.e. for the growth and expansion of the
area.
 Providing suitable roads and network of roads.
 Providing railway connection to important places.
(Including rolling stock and mass transit system).
 Easy access to national and international airports.
 Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.
 Use of non-conventional energy such as solar energy
and wind energy.
 Proper planning for purification and supply of potable
water to rural and urban areas.
 Providing good drainage system including treatment of
wastewater and solid waste management.
 Construction of water storage structures with proper
irrigation systems.
 Components of
infrastructure
• development
Transportation
• Television Network
• Telephone Network
• Energy Sector
• Agricultural Activity
• Construction Activity
• Water supply and drainage systems
(sewers)
• Emergency services
 Role of civil engineer
A civil engineer has to conceive, plan, estimate, get
approval, create and maintain all civil engineering
infrastructure
• Town and cityactivities.
planning.
• Build suitable structures for the rural and urban areas for
various utilities.
• Exploration of water resources and construction of lakes,
dams and reservoirs.
• Purification and supply of water to needy places like
houses, schools, hospitals, offices and agricultural field.
• Provide good drainage system and waste water treatment
plants.
• Planning, construction and maintenance of roads,
railways, airports and harbors.
• Preserve forest and encourage eco-friendly
construction(green houses)
• Providing good communication system such as telephone
networks, mobile phones and internet facilities.
• Providing good education system.
 Impact of infrastructural
facility on socio-economic
•
growth of
Increase in food production
a nation
• Protection from drought, famine, flood
• Healthy and comfortable housing facility
• Safe domestic and industrial water supply
• Safe and scientific waste disposal
• Improvement in communication and transportation
• Generation of electricity from nuclear, hydal,
thermal, solar or wind energy
• Improved wealth, prosperity, standard of living
• Overall growth of a nation
Cont
… scale
• Large budget allocation for infrastructure
leads to agricultural and industrial developments.
• Providing employment eradicates poverty and
enhances per capita income.
• Urban growth only can lead to population drift
from rural sectors leading to explosion in
population in cities and inadequate development
of villages and improper care for agricultural
sector.
• Use of infrastructural facility only by upper class
leads to imbalance.
• Construction is actively taking part in
entertainment, tourism, wildlife and
environmental up gradation.
ROADS,

BRIDGES and

DAMS
 Road
• s way on which people,
The path /pathway/traveled
animal or wheeled vehicles may lawfully pass is
called ‘ROAD’
• The entire stretch of land/area required and
reserved along its alignment is called RIGHT OF WAY.
• The United States has the largest network of
roadways of any single country in the world with
64,30,366 km (2005)
• People's Republic of China is third with
18,70,661 km of roadway (2004).
• India has the second largest road system in the
world with 33,83,344 km (2002)
 Packed animals

sleds

travois trails
 Types of transportation
1. Road ways or Highways
2. Railways.
3. Waterways
4. Airways.

•Road transport system is the one which gives maximum

service and advantageous compare to all other system of
transportation. This is the one which has maximum flexibility
with respect to route, direction, time and speed of travel. The
road network serves as feeder system to all other systems of
transportation. Construction, maintenance and operation of
roadways are cheaper than the other system.

•Mass transportation of both goods and passengers for long

distance can be achieved economically by Railways.

•Transportation by waterways is the slowest and cost effective.

•Airways are the fastest and comfortable among all the four
 Classification of roads
A. Classification of roads depending on the usage of roads
during rainy season.
1. All weather Roads: All weather roads can be used during
all weather conditions of the year.
2. Fair weather roads: In fair weather roads overflowing of
streams across the road is permitted during monsoon
season.
B. Classification based on the type of carriage way or the
pavement surface.
3. Surfaced roads: These roads are provided with a
bituminous or cement concrete surfacing.
4. Unsurfaced roads: These roads may be mud roads or
water bound macadam roads. i.e. these roads are not
provided with a bituminous or cement concrete surface.
C. Classification of roads as per Nagpur
road plan:

• The roads classified • The basic requirement

under this of any road planning is
classification is as as follows
follows 1. Short
1. National Highways. 2. Easy
2. State Highways.
3. Safe
3. Major district roads.
4. Economical.
4. Other district roads.
5. Village roads.
D.Classification
Classification of Road
of roads as per Lucknow roads as inper
Plan: The roads Lucknow
the country are classified as
per the Third 20 year plan is as follows.
road plan:

Lucknow road plan

Primary System Secondary system Tertiary system

Expressways NH SH MDR ODR Village Roads

• The National highways are the roads that are connecting
the important cities, towns, ports, and state capitals. They
may even connect other neighboring countries also. These
roads will be of Two-lane traffic roads with a minimum road
width of 8m with 2m wide shoulders on either side.
Construction and maintenance is by central govt.
departments like CPWD and National Highway Authorities.
The vehicles can move with higher speeds and the quality
of roads will be superior to the remaining categories.

Example: NH 1 – Delhi-Ambala-Amritsar, NH 4 – Poona-

Bangalore-Chennai, NH 17 – Bombay-Kanyakumari.
• The state highways connect important cities and district
head quarters. They connect various cities to the National
highways. The construction and maintenance is by state
authorities like state PWD. Some state highways may get
the up-gradation by the central Govt. depending on the
priority of the place. The design parameters and
• MDR: Major district roads connect from district to district
within the state and rural areas of production to important
market places. These roads also connect to State Highways
and National Highways. The design speed and geometric
design is lower than the National highways and State
highways. Construction and maintenance is by state
authorities.
• ODR: Other district roads connect villages to nearby Taluk
head quarters and from Taluk to Taluk. The roads will be of
single lane with a minimum width of 3.5m. The construction
and maintenance is by state authorities with a prior
approval by state govt.
• Village Roads: The roads connecting villages or group of
villages each other or the roads of higher category. These
roads are usually non metal road or mud roads. The
construction and maintenance is by the local authorities
1. Expressways are superior to National highways and are
provided wherever volume of traffic is very high.
2. The speed design and geometric design are superior.
3. No cross traffic is permitted.
4. Central traffic separators are provided between the traffic in
opposite direction.
5. They are provided with fencing so that the animals do not
enter.
6. Slow moving vehicles are not permitted and only fast
moving vehicles are allowed.
7. The construction and maintenance is by state govt. or
Central govt.
8. Some expressways are under Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
system by private operators on contract basis allotted by
state or central govt.
 Components of a
•
Road
All road consists of the following two components.

1. Pavement or Carriageways.
2. Shoulders.

• Pavement or Carriageway: Pavement or Carriageway is the width of the road

which is designed to handle the traffic volume. It is the hard crust placed on
the soil formation after the completion of the earth works.

• Its main functions are

a) To provide a smooth riding surface.

b) To distribute the loads over the soil formation to prevent the soil from
overstressed.

c) To protect the soil formation from the adverse effect of weather.

• The maximum width of vehicle is 2.44m and side margin or clearance of 0.68m
is required for the safe driving.

• For a single lane – 2.44 + 0.68 + 0.68 = 3.8m should be the minimum width.

• For roads having more than two or more lanes, the lane width is considered as
3.5m.
urfacing.
Structural Components of a Road
• SUB SOIL or NATURAL SOIL: Sub soil is the natural ground which is
prepared to take the load of the road. It is prepared by compaction
of natural soil.
• SUB GRADE: Sub grade supports the road structure. It should be
designed to be stable and dry throughout. It consists of
disintegrated rocks like gravel, sand, silt and clay. It should have
stability, permeance of strength, incompressibility, minimum
change in volume, ease of compaction and good drainage.
• BASE and SUB BASE: It consists of two layers, The top layer which
is composed of broken stone of size 37.5mm and down is called
Base and the bottom layer consists of stabilized soil with 50mm
and down stone boulders or brick bats is called Sub Base. It has to
distribute the load through a finite thickness.
• SURFACING: It is the topmost layer which takes the load directly. It
should be smooth and non-slippery. It should be stable. It should be
impervious and protect the base and sub grade from rain water. It
may be provided with bitumen or cement mixes with small size
aggregates of 20mm and down.
 Shoulder
s
• Shoulders are provided along the
road edge to serve as an
emergency lane for vehicles
compelled to be taken out of the
pavement/ roadway.
• Shoulders also act as service lanes
for vehicles that have broken down.
• The minimum width of the shoulder
is 2.5m.
• The shoulder should have sufficient
load bearing capacity to support
loaded truck even in wet condition.
• The surface of the shoulder should
be rougher and different in color
than the traffic lane so that the
vehicles are discouraged to use the
shoulder as a regular traffic lane.
Traffic separators: Traffic separators
are provided to separate the traffic moving
in opposite directions. It avoids head on
collision between vehicle moving in
opposite directions. Traffic separators may
be in the form of pavement marking or
parking strips whose width may vary from
3 to 5m. If width is to be reduced due to
unavoidable conditions a slope of 1 in15 or
1 in 20 are provided.

Kerbs: Kerb indicates the boundary

between the pavement and shoulder or
Footpath.

Classification of kerbs
1. Class 1 or Low or Mountable Kerbs:
Which though encourage traffic to remain
in through traffic lanes, yet allow the driver
to enter the shoulder with little difficulty,
the height of this type of kerbs is 70 to
2. Class 2 or Low speed
barrier or Urban parking kerb:
This type of kerb consists of a
vertical face 150mm to
200mm high with 25mm
batter to prevent scrapping of
tyres, this type of kerb
prevents encroachment of
slow speed or parking vehicles
to the footpath or shoulder.
But at acute emergency it is
possible to the vehicle with
some difficulty.

3. Class 3 or High speed

barrier: This type of kerb will
be 230 to 450mm or more in
height and is intended to
prevent vehicles leaving the
roadway under any
circumstance. It is generally
used in critical locations like
Parking lanes: Parking lanes are
provided in urban roads to allow
kerb parking. As for as possible,
only parallel parking of vehicle
should be allowed as it is safer
for moving vehicles. The parking
lane should have sufficient
width.

Cycle tracks: They are generally

provided in urban areas when
the cycle traffic on the road is
very high. The minimum width
of 2m is provided. The layout of
the cycle tracks should be
carefully decided in large
highway intersects.

Foot paths or Side walks: They

are provided in urban areas
when pedestrian traffic is heavy.
The minimum width should be
1.3m. The surface of the
footpath should be better than
the pavement so as to induce
Guardrail: They are provided
at the edge of the shoulder
when the road is constructed
on a fill so that the vehicles
are prevented from running
off the embankment,
especially when the height of
the fill exceeds 3m.They have
to be painted properly so that
the visibility is there in the
night also.

Fencing: Fencing is used in

expressways to avoid animals
entering the road.

Camber or Cross slope: Cross

slope or Camber is the slope
provided to the road in the
transverse direction to drain
off the rain water from the
surface.
 Bridge
• A structure facilitating a communication route for
s moving loads over a
carrying road traffic or other
depression or obstruction such as river, stream,
channel, road or railway is called a BRIDGE.
• Bridge is a structure constructed across a river, valley,
road or railway without obstructing the passage/ way
beneath.
• An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling
a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of
equal height.
• A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.
• A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to
be the ratio of load carried to bridge mass, given a
specific set of material types.
• A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic
dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge
(instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road
Plan of a bridge
CLASSIFICATION OF
BRIDGES
Classification Purpose

Road Bridge Railway Bridge Aqua Duct Via Duct

Alignment

Square Bridge Skew Bridge

Nature of life

Temporary Permanent

Span

Culverts Minor Bridge Major Bridge Long span Bridge

(Less than 8m) (8m to 30m) (30m to 120m) (More than 120m)

Position of HFL

Submersible Non submersible

Fixed or Moveable

Swing bridge Lift Bridges Bascule Bridges

Location of bridge floor

Deck Bridges Semi deck or Semi through Bridges Through Bridges

Super structure

Portal frame Truss bridges Cantilever Bridges Suspension bridges

Material of construction

Timber Bridge Masonry Bridge RCC bridge Steel Bridge PSC Bridge

Type of connection

Welded Connection Riveted Connection

Aquedu Aquedu
ct ct

Viaduct Viaduct
Rail bridge-plate Road
girder bridge
 Permanent (Steel) Permanent (masonry)
bridge bridge

Permanent (RCC) bridge Temporary (timber)

Minor Major
bridg bridg
e e

Long
span
bridge
Submersible Submersible
bridge bridge

Submersible Non Submersible

Swing
bridge
Lift
bridges
Location
of bridge
floor
DECK BRIDGE
Superstructur
e
 Beam/girder
bridge

Namihaya bridge, Osaka, Japan

Beam Bridge
 Arch bridge

Meiwa Bridge, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo

 Truss bridge

2nd Mameyaki Bridge, Saitama, Japan

ARCH TRUSS BRIDGE
TRUSS BRIDGE – SEMI DECK
 Cable Stayed Bridge

Pylon

Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge

 Suspension Bridge

Ohnaruto Bridge

Pylon

Hakucho Bridge
Cantilever Bridge
Prestressed concrete
bridge
 Dam
• s or fairly impermeable
A Dam is an impermeable
barrier put across a natural stream to hold up
water on one side of it up to a certain limiting
level.
• Barrier that stores water at two levels.
• The primary purpose of dam is to store water
whenever available in plenty for use during
scarcity.
• Built across rivers
• Excess water is released to river and useful water
is transferred through canals
• Used for recreation(boating and fishing)
• Generation of electricity
• Flood control and/or navigation
 Plan of a Dam
Upstream

Abutment Downstream

Left Bank Canal

Main River Course

Reservoir

Right bank Canal

Abutment
 Dams

Function Hydraulic design Structural design Materials of Construction

Coffer Dams Diversion Dams Debris Dam Detention Dam Storage Dam

Over flow Dam Non Over flow Dam Partially overflow Dam

Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment Dams

Rigid Dams Non Rigid Dams

Coffer Dams
Diversion Dams
Overflow
dam
Gravity dam
Arch
dam
Buttress
dam
 Embankment dam
(Rock fill or earth fill
dams)
 Non rigid
Combined Earth & Rockfill Dam Earth Dam
dam
Cross section of a bridge
Cross section of a bridge
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