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1-Introduction Computer Organization & Architecture

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1-Introduction Computer Organization & Architecture

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jindalakashat
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Fundamentals Of Computer Science (MCAC-0017)

Topic: Computer Organization Architectures


Syllabus
Syllabus
Suggested Books
Text Books:
• M. Morris Mano, (2007), “Computer System Architecture”, Publication PHI, New
Delhi, 3rd ed.
• Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne , “Operating Systems Concepts”,9th Edition,
Wiley,2012.

Reference Books:
• Morris Mano, (2005), “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, PHI, New Delhi.
• Carl Hamacher, (2002), “Computer Organization”, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 5th ed.
• John P. Hayes, (1998), “Computer Architecture and Organization” McGraw 3rd ed.
• SibsankarHalder and Alex a Aravind ,” Operating Systems”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education,2009.
• Harvey M Dietel , “An Introduction to Operating System”, 2nd Edition, Pearson
Computer Organization & Architecture

• Computer Organization is concerned with the way the hardware


components operate and the way they are connected together to form
the computer system.

• Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their


interconnections. Organizational attributes include those hardware
details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces
between computer and peripherals, and the memory technology used.
Computer Design

• Computer design is concerned with the hardware design


of the computer. Computer Design is concerned with the
determination of what hardware should be used and
how the parts should be connected. This aspect of the
computer hardware is sometimes refered to as computer
implementation.
Computer Architecture

• Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure


and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It
includes the information, formats, the instruction sets,
and techniques for addressing memory.

• Architectural design of a computer system is concerned


with the various functional modules, such as processors
and memories, and structuring them together into
computer system.
There are two basic types of
architecture

• Von Neumann Architecture

• Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann Architecture has a single storage structure to hold both instructions and data. The
CPU can be either reading an instruction / writing data / to the memory because instructions and data
use the same BUS system.

According to von Neumann Architecture structure of computer system as composed of the following
components:-

⚫ Central Processing Unit


The unit is called as arithmetic and logic unit. This unit performs the computer’s computational and
logical functions.

⚫ Memory
Computer system uses several memories for the storage of binary information like RAM(Random
Access Memory), ROM etc.
⚫ Control Unit
⚫ This unit directs other components of the computer system to perform certain actions, such as
directing the fetching of data or instructions from memory to be processed by processed by the ALU.

⚫ Man-Machine Interface
⚫ Input and output devices such as keyboard for input and display monitor for output.

⚫ Random Access Memory (RAM)


⚫ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
⚫ Input-Output Processor(IOP)
⚫ Input Devices
⚫ Output Devices
In the Von Neumann Architecture, Program and data are stored in the
same memory and managed by the same information-handling
subsystem.
Example : Desktop Personal Computer.
Harvard Architecture
⚫The Harvard Architecture has a physically separated storage and signal
pathways for instructions and data.
⚫In the Harvard Architectural Computer, the CPU can read both an
instruction and data from memory at the same time, leading to double
the memory bandwidth. In the Harvard architecture, program and data
are stored and handled by different subsystems.
⚫Example: - Microcontroller based computer system (Single-chip
microcomputer) and DSP (Digital signal Processor) based computer
systems.

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