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Sample Size Determination

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9 views

Sample Size Determination

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hhx8fp9dpm
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAMPLE SIZE

DETERMINATION
SEVERINO B. SALERA JR
OUTLINE:
• Our take home……..
• What is sample size?
• What is sample size determination?
• How large a sample do I need?
• Mind my language
• How do you determine it?
• How do you use it?
• A final word………
OUR TAKE HOME
At the end of this presentation, we should be able to;

• Understand the significance of sample size.


• Determine sample size.
• Understand factors that may affect sample size.
• Use sample size in our research or study.
WHAT IS SAMPLE SIZE?
• This is the sub-population to be studied in order to make
an inference for a reference population (A broader
population to which the findings from a study are to be
generalized)
• In census, the sample size is equal to the population size.
However, in research, because of time constraint and
budget, a representative sample are normally used.
• The larger the sample size the more accurate the findings
from a study.
WHAT IS SAMPLE SIZE?
• Availability of resources sets the upper limit of the sample
size.
• While the required accuracy sets the lower limit of
sample.
• Therefore, an optimum sample size is an essential
component of any research.
• Sample size is usually determined by the primary
objective of trial.
• Sample size calculation should be explicitly mentioned in
the protocol.
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
• Sample size determination is the mathematical estimation of the number of subjects/units
to be included in a study.
• When a representative sample is taken from a population, the finding are generalized to
the population.
• Optimum sample size determination is required for the following reasons:
1. To allow for appropriate analysis
2. To provide the desired level of accuracy
3. To allow validity of significance test.
4. The estimate of the population standard deviation.
5. The acceptance level of sampling error.
6. The desired confidence level.
HOW LARGE A SAMPLE DO I
NEED?
• If the sample is too small:
a. Even a well conducted study may fail to answer it
research question.
b. It may fail to detect important effect or association.
c. It may associate this effect or association imprecisely.
CONVERSELY
• If the sample size is too large:
a. The study will be difficult and costly
b. Time constraint
c. Available cases e.g., rare disease.
d. Loss of accuracy.

Hence, optimum sample size must be determined before


commencement of a study.
MIND MY LANGUAGE
• MARGIN OF ERROR
o Determines how much higher or lower than the population mean you
are willing to let your sample mean fall.

o For example a research finds, the 70% of the students selected the
modular learning approach with a margin of error of plus, minus 5%
o Then the researcher can conclude that between 65% and 75% of the
students in the population have selected modular learning approach.
MIND MY LANGUAGE
• CONFIDENCE LEVEL OR RISK LEVEL
o How confident do you want to be that the actual mean
falls within your confidence interval?
EXAMPLES: 90% 95% 99%
o The key idea for confidence level tells the researcher that
if the population is repeatedly sampled the average value
of the attribute obtained by those samples is equal to the
true population value.
MIND MY LANGUAGE
• DEGREE OF VARIABILITY
o How much variance do you expect in your response?

ASSUMED VALUE p = .5
HOW IS A SAMPLE SIZE
DETERMINED?
• Determining the right sample size for your survey is one of the most common questions
researchers ask when they begin a market research study. Luckly, sample size
determination isn’t as hard to calculate as you might remember from an old high school
statistics class.
• Before calculating your sample size, ensure you have these things in place:
o Goals and objectives
o Precision level
o Confidence level
o Population variability
o Response rate
o Consider the audience
SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION
FORMULA
• COCHRAN (1963)

• YAMANE (1967)
COCHRAN
(1963) no = sample size
Z is the critical value of the desired
confidence level
e Margin of error
p is the estimated proportion of an
attribute that is present in the
population
q = 1-p
EXAMPLE:
• Suppose we wish to evaluate a state wide agricultural
extension program in which farmers were encouraged to
adopt a new farming technology.
• Assume there is a large population but that we do not
know the variability in the proportion that will adopt the
new farming technology therefore, assume p equal to .5
and suppose that we desire a 95% confidence level and
5% margin of error.
COCHRAN
no = sample size
(1963) Z is 1.96 at 95%
Confidence Level
Z is 1.645 at 90%
Confidence Level
Z is 2.33 at 98%
Confidence Level
Z is 2.575 at 99%
Confidence Level
p = .50
e = .05
COCHRAN
(1963)
no = sample size
Z is 1.96 at 95% Confidence
Level
p = .50
e = 0.05
q = 1-p
q = .50
YAMANE
(1967)
n = Sample Size
N = Population Size
e = Margin of error
EXAMPLE:
• Suppose there are 2000 farmers in certain
locality. You want to conduct a survey on their
willingness to adopt the new farming technology.
The margin of error is 5%.
YAMANE (1967)

2000
𝑛=
1+ ( 2000 ) (.0025)

2000
𝑛=
6
333 or 334
Determining Sample Size
• We want to do a survey of employee of the municipality of
Garcia-Hernandez, on how they use computers at work. If
the total population is 2500, and if you want to work with
a 95% confidence level, what will be the sample size?
solution:

2500
𝑛= 2
1+(2500)( 0.05)

𝑛=344.8 𝑜𝑟 345
HOW TO USE SAMPLE SIZE FORMULAE
Steps:

• 1st Formulate a research question


• 2nd Select appropriate study design, primary outcome
measure, statistical significance.
• 3rd Use the appropriate formula to calculate the sample
size.
FINALLY
• Sample size determination is one of the most essential
component of every research/study.
• The larger the sample size, the higher the degree
accuracy, but this is limit by the availability of resources.
• It can be determined using formulae, readymade table,
nomogram or computer software.

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