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Design of Beam With LRFD (Summer)

LRFD Method

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Samad Bughio
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19 views

Design of Beam With LRFD (Summer)

LRFD Method

Uploaded by

Samad Bughio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF BEAMS WITH LRFD

Design

Structural member design means selection of a cross section


that will be safer and more economic to resist the applied
force.
Economic usually means minimum weight
There are several methods to design any structure, but two
common methods are:
• Allowable stress design method
• LRFD
Beams

• Beams are horizontal structural members that are


subjected to transverse loading.
• Due to this transverse loadings, internal forces are
developed in the form of shear force and bending moment.
Therefore, beams are analyzed and design for:
• Flexure (Bending strength)
• Shear strength
• Deflection
Beams
LRFD(Load Resistance Factor Design)

There are currently two common methods of steel beam design:


The first method is the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method.
The second is the Load and Resistance Factor Design(LRFD)
method. First one use a strength, second one ultimate strength
design approach.
LRFD is a newly proposed method which is still undergoing
development.
In LRFD the strength(Resistance) of some materials is scaled
down by using some factors and the loads are scaled up through
factors, and thereby the structural elements are designed using
reduced strength and increased loads.
LRFD(Load Resistance Factor Design)

The strength of materials considered for design is the


ultimate strength, which results in utilization of elastic,
plastic and strain hardening stages of material thereby
giving economical and safe design consistently.
The factors by which strength is reduced depends on the
confidence of predictability of strength of the material.
Hence, for example strength reduction factor for steel is
less than that for concrete due to the fact that strength of
steel can be much precisely predicted (as well as ensured)
than that for concrete.
LRFD(Load Resistance Factor Design)

Similarly, load factors are more for those loads which are
highly unpredictable than loads which can be more
accurately predicted. Thus load factor for dead load is less
that that for live load.
Further LRFD method also considers serviceability limits
like maximum allowable deflection, cracking etc. in addition
to the strength design.
Thus LRFD method has a more rational approach as
compared to ASD method and that’s why LRFD has largely
replaced ASD in design of RCC and Steel Structures.
LRFD VS ASD

 The first difference between ASD and LRFD, historically, has been that the
old Allowable Stress Design compared actual and allowable stresses while
LRFD compares required strength to actual strengths.
 The second major difference between the two methods is the manner in
which the relationship between applied loads and member capacities are
handled.
 The LRFD specification accounts separately for the predictability of applied
loads through the use of load factors applied to the required strength side of
the limit state inequalities and for material and construction variabilities
through resistance factors on the nominal strength side of the limit state
inequality.
 The ASD specification combines the two factors into a single factor of safety.
 By breaking the factor of safety apart into the independent load and
resistance factors (as done in the LRFD approach) a more consistent effective
factor of safety is obtained and can result in safer or lighter structures,
depending on the predictability of the load types being used.
Load Factors For LRFD

• Factors varies according to construction, type of material


and type of load.
• Dead loads, the weight of the structure and permanent
attachments like walls, floor treatments, ceiling finishes)
are given lower factors “1.2 to 1.4”.
• Earthquake, wind, or live (occupancy) loads “1.6”
• Impact loads are typically given higher factors still “ 2.0”
Load Factors For LRFD

For LRFD, the required strength, Ru, is determined from the


following factored load combinations:
• 1.4(D + F)
• 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
• 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 1.2D ± 1.0E + L + 0.2S + 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
• 0.9D + 1.6 H ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
Load Factors For LRFD

where:
• D = dead load,
• Di = weight of Ice,
• E = earthquake load,
• F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights,
• Fa = flood load,
• H = load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk
materials,
• L = live load due to occupancy,
• Lr = roof live load,
• S = snow load,
• R = nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice, exclusive of the ponding contribution,
• T = self straining load,
• W = wind load,
• Wi = wind on ice
LRFD Design Procedure

• Compute the factored load moment Mu for LRFD


(required moment strength) ,it should be less than or equal
to design strength.
• Select a shape that satisfies this strength requirement.
• Assume a shape, compute the available strength, and
compare it with the required strength. Revise if necessary.
• Check the shear strength.
• Check the deflection(Serviceability requirement).
Example

Select a standard hot-rolled shape of A992 steel for the


beam shown in Figure. The beam has continuous lateral
support and must support a uniform service live load of 4.5
kips/ft. The maximum permissible live load deflection is
L/240.
Solution
Solution
(For section refer page 3-24)
Solution
Solution
Example

Example: Design the beam shown below. The unfactored


dead and live loads are shown in the Figure
Solution
Step I. Calculate the factored design loads (without self-weight)
Wu = 1.2 + 1.6 = 1.2 x 0.67 + 1.6 x 0.75 = 2.004 kips / ft
Pu = 1.2 + 1.6 = 1.2 x 0 + 1.6 x 10 = 16.0 kips
Mu = Wu L 2 / 8 + PU L / 4 = 225.45 + 120 = 345.45 kip-f
Фb Mn ≥ Mu
Фb FyZx ≥ Mu or Zx ≥ Mu / Фb Fy = 345.5x12 / 0.9x50 =
92.12 in3
Step II. Select the lightest section from the AISC Manual design
tables(Page3-25).
Select W21 x 44 made from 50 ksi steel with, Zx = 95.4 in^3 & =
358.0 kip-ft.
Self-weight = 44 lb/ft
Solution

Step III. Add self-weight of designed section and check design

= 0.67 + 0.044 = 0.714 kips/ft

= 1.2 x 0.714 + 1.6 x 0.75 = 2.0568 kips/ft.

Therefore,
Mu = 2.0568 x (30x30) / 8 + 120 = 351.39 kip-ft. < of W21 x 44.
OK!
Solution

Step IV. Check deflection at service loads


Service loads
− Distributed load = w = 0.714 + 0.75 = 1.464 kips/ft.
− Concentrated load P = D + L = 0 + 10 kips = 10 kips
Deflection due to uniform distributed load = ∆d = 5 w L^4 /
(384 EI)
Deflection due to concentrated load = ∆c = P L^3 / (48 EI)
Solution

Therefore, service-load deflection = ∆ = ∆d + ∆c


∆ = 5 x 1.464 x 300^4 / (384 x 29000 x 12 x 843) + 10 x
360^3 / (48 x 29000 x 843)
∆ = 1.0914 + 0.3976 = 1.49 in.
Assuming plastered floor construction,
∆max = L/240 = 360/240 = 1.5 in.
Therefore, ∆ < ∆max –
OK!

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