TKM College of Engineering

HOUSING
PROF. RAMEES RIFAS

Module I- Housing and

Development

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Syllabus | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International declarations
and goals
SYLLABUS

Housing and Development

• Importance of Housing in socio cultural & Economic
Development
• Magnitude of Housing Problem- at Global level, National
level & State level
• Housing stock –Quantitative & Qualitative Housing
shortage in Urban
and Rural settlements
• International declarations and goals- IYSH, Habitat
Agenda, MDGs and
SDGs, New Urban Agenda

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International
declarations and goals
INTRODUCTION

Distinction between House and Home

House represents only an architectural structure for accommodation or

A dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families.

Home includes the family relationships and bonds of affection which are
nurtured within this architectural structure.

Meaning of Housing

• It may be defined as an architectural unit for accommodation in

order to protect the occupants from the forces of nature.
• Housing covers all the ancillary services and community
facilities which are essential to human well being.
• In addition to the physical structure, it includes water supply,
sanitation and disposal of water, recreation and other basic
amenities of life.
• Housing can be defined as a component architectural structure
within a total system consisting of various settlement variables.
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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International
declarations and goals
INTRODUCTION

Census House:
• A 'census house' is a building or part of a building used or recognized
as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from
the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc.
• It may be occupied or vacant.
• It may be used for a residential or non-residential purpose or both.

Amenities related Physical Infrastructure:

Access roads, Water, Electricity, Storm & Waste Water Drainage,

Communication networks, Cooking Gas depot/ supply network, Solid Waste
Disposal facilities/system

Amenities related Social Infrastructure :

Education, health, open spaces, religious & other recreational, convenience
shops, security etc…

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International
declarations and goals
INTRODUCTION

Functions:

• A basic requirement of human beings

• Adequate shelter for each household isa fundamental prerequisite for a healthy
living in any society.
• For a shelter less person a house brings about a profound social change in his/her
existence.
• It provides both physical and mental strength and psychological base on which they
can fall back while accessing other basic needs such as food, clothing etc.
• A house constitutes an asset that can be offered as a collateral security
• A house also protects a poor household from the vagaries of nature, in the absence
of which they are forced to take to streets and live in open.
• House provides security to people

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING: IN SOCIO CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
• Housing plays a crucial role in economic, social, and
civic development.
• Various housing-related activities directly contribute to
broader socio-economic goals.
• Investment in housing significantly drives economic
growth.
• While better data in developed countries allows for
more precise estimates, the positive economic impact
of housing is also evident in developing countries.
• For low-income families, housing is an essential
economic engine, contributing to the growth and
development of families, communities, and the nation.
• On the social front, housing is a primary need for
vulnerable populations, especially after food and
medical care, following natural and man-made
disasters.

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
•Incremental investment in housing helps poor families build their assets over time as they
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING: IN SOCIO CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
acquire more resources.
DEVELOPMENT
•Clean, warm housing is crucial for preventing and caring for diseases of poverty, such as
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and malaria.
•Housing can promote good governance by encouraging the formation of civic organizations,
like housing associations and community-based organizations, which can lead to elected
representation.
•Investing in housing increases the local tax base, helping to create autonomous and
responsive local governments.
•Safe homes and neighborhoods, where residents are satisfied with housing conditions and
public services, contribute to social stability and security.
•In many countries, the potential to achieve economic, social, and civic development through
housing initiatives is often overlooked. Successful models include:
• USAID’s Housing Guaranty Program: Developed frameworks for low-income housing, slum
upgrading, and neighborhood infrastructure.
• World Bank Programs: Reformed housing markets, removed bureaucratic obstacles, and
enabled housing production by private sector builders and developers.
• National Efforts: Increased access to housing finance, led by organizations like the United
Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) and India’s Housing Development
Finance Corporation.
• Local Initiatives: Promoted by Cities Alliance, Sister Cities, and innovative municipal
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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING: IN SOCIO CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING: IN SOCIO CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING: IN SOCIO CULTURAL & ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

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International declarations and goals
HOUSING STOCK
The total number of houses and apartments in (source:
an Merriam webster
dictionary)
area
Housing stock refers to the total number of residential buildings and housing
units available in a specific area, including single-family homes, apartments,
and other dwelling types. It encompasses all housing structures, regardless
of their condition or occupancy status.
Qualitative and Quantitative Housing
Quantitative Housing
Refers to the numerical aspects of housing, such as the number of
units, housing density, occupancy rates, and affordability metrics.
Provides data-driven insights that are essential for measuring supply
and demand, planning for future growth, and assessing housing
needs.

Qualitative Housing
Focuses on the subjective and descriptive aspects of housing, such
as the quality of construction, design aesthetics, living environment,
and resident satisfaction.
Encompasses elements that contribute to the overall quality of life,
cultural significance, and social cohesion within communities.
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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock |
International declarations and goals
Why Quantitative Data is Crucial
Demand and Supply Analysis
By analyzing quantitative data, planners can assess the balance between housing supply
and demand, helping to identify shortages or surpluses in specific areas.
Affordability Assessment
Data on housing costs and household incomes is essential for evaluating housing
affordability, guiding policies to ensure that housing remains accessible to all income
groups.
Economic Indicators
The housing sector is a significant component of the economy. Quantitative data on housing
construction, sales, and prices can indicate economic health and guide economic policies.
Trend Analysis
Quantitative metrics allow for the tracking of trends over time, such as changes in housing
demand, shifts in population demographics, and the impact of economic cycles on the
housing market.
Resource Allocation
Accurate quantitative data helps in the efficient allocation of public funds and resources for
housing projects, infrastructure development, and social services.
Regulatory and Zoning Policies
Quantitative data informs zoning regulations and land-use planning, ensuring that
development aligns with community needs and environmental considerations.
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International declarations and goals
Qualitative Housing
It involves
Design evaluating housing based on factors that are not easily quantified but significantly
and Aesthetics
impact the quality of
The architectural life and
style, satisfaction
layout, of appeal
and visual residents. These aspects
of homes include
and neighborhoods.
Building Quality
The use of materials, craftsmanship, and durability of construction.
Living Environment
The ambiance and character of the surrounding area, including noise levels, greenery, and the
general atmosphere.
• Safety and Security
• Aesthetic Appeal
• Access to Amenities
Community and Social Factors
The sense of community, safety, social cohesion, and opportunities for interaction within a
neighborhood.
Cultural and Emotional Value
The cultural significance of housing styles and the emotional connections residents have with
their homes.
• Cultural Significance
• Social Interaction
Resident Satisfaction and Happiness
• Personalization and Adaptability: The ability for residents to personalize their living spaces and adapt them to their
needs enhances their satisfaction and sense of ownership.
• Department of Management
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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International
declarations and goals
HOUSING PROBLEMS IN INDIA

In India, the problem of housing is acute as there is a wide gap between the demand
and supply of houses. This gap is responsible for growth of slums in cities where
crores of people live in most unhygienic and unhealthy conditions.

Role of Housing:
• Housing is closely linked to overall socio-economic development.
• It creates conditions that support social objectives like health, sanitation,
and education.
• It provides employment opportunities for both rural and urban
populations.
•Socio-cultural Variables
Housing serves multiple in addressing
functions, Housingvarious social needs of
households
• Socio-cultural factors decide the quality and quantity of housing in India.
• The caste divide in Indian rural society mainly affects the distribution of houses and
the quality of housing.
• In Indian villages, the division of caste basis has given rise to division of housing.
• Kinship and family structure are other variables which affect the quality and quantity
of housing.
• Household size.
• The occupation pattern and tradition also affect the housing layout.
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Syllabus | Introduction | Importance of Housing | Housing Problem | Housing stock | International
declarations and goals
MAGNITUDE OF HOUSING PROBLEM
Area Total no: of Occupied Vacant
census Census Census
Houses (in Houses (in Houses (in
million) million) million)
Rural 220.7 207.12 M 13.58

Urban 110.14 99.05 11.09

Total 330.84 306.17 24.67

Housing Shortage
‘Housing shortage is present when there is insufficient
housing to accommodate the population in an area, when Supply< Demand
the supply of houses
cannot meet the demand.’

The homeless population contributes only marginally to

the housing shortage, considering the size of the
homeless population in the country in 2011 was only
1.77 million (0.15 % of the total population).

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