TKM College of Engineering

HOUSING
PROF. RAMEES RIFAS

Module II- Housing Issues, Policies &

Strategies

Department of S9 B. Arch
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SYLLABUS

Module III- Housing Issues, Policies and Strategies

• Housing challenges due to Urbanization

• Slums- characteristics and magnitude of the problem, Policies &

Strategies for Slum improvement.

• National Housing policy, National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy,

National Rural Housing & Habitat Policy, Introduction to Affordable
housing and Inclusive housing

Department of S9 B. Arch 2
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Urbanization is the process by which an increasing

percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas,
typically characterized by the growth of cities and towns
as people migrate from rural to urban regions. This shift
is often driven by the search for better economic
opportunities, improved living conditions, and access to
services and amenities.

Department of S9 B. Arch 3
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Global trends in urbanization

Urban Population Growth
The global urban population has been steadily increasing, with more
than half of the world's population (about 56%) living in urban
Global urbanization map showing
areas as of 2020. This is projected to rise to nearly 68% by 2050 the percentage of urbanization by
country in 2006

Urbanization in Developing Countries

Developing regions, particularly in Asia and Africa, are experiencing
the fastest urban growth. Asia alone is home to 54% of the world's
Urban and rural population in urban population, and by 2050, Africa's urban population is expected
India
to triple .

Department of S9 B. Arch 4
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION
Global trends in urbanization
Emergence of Megacities
The number of megacities (cities with populations
exceeding 10 million) has increased dramatically. In
1990, there were only 10 megacities worldwide, but by
2020, this number had risen to 33, and it is
expected to continue growing, with many new
megacities emerging in Asia and Africa.
Urbanization and Economic Growth
Urbanization is closely linked to economic growth. Source: Euromonitor International from national
statistics/ Eurostat/ OECD/ UN/ International
Cities contribute significantly to national GDP, with Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial
Statistics (IFS)

urban areas often generating more than 80% of global

GDP. This trend underscores the role of cities as engines
of economic development.
Department of S9 B. Arch 5
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Causes Of Urbanization
Industrialization
Industrialization is the shift from the old agricultural
economics to novel non-agricultural economy, which creates
a modernized society.
Commercialization
All types of trades contribute immensely to urbanization. The
distribution of goods, services, and commercial
transactions has developed many modern marketing institutions
and exchange
Social benefits methods, resulting in the rapid growth of towns and
and Services
cities
There are numerous social benefits to life in cities and towns.
People have better access to facilities in urban areas, such as
education, sanitation, housing, healthcare, recreation, and
living standards leading
Department of to a generally good social life S9 B. Arch 6
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Causes Of Urbanization
Employment Opportunities
In cities and towns, ample job opportunities
continually draw people from rural areas seeking a
better livelihood. Because of this, people frequently
migrate to urban areas in search of well-paying jobs in
developmental sectors.
Modernization and Changes in the Mode of Living
As urban areas become more technology-savvy,
with highly sophisticated communication,
infrastructure, medical facilities, dress codes,
enlightenment, liberalization, and other social
Effects Of
Urbanisation amenities available, people believe they can lead a
Department of happy life in cities. S9 B. Arch 7
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Causes Of Urbanization

Rural-Urban Transformation
Many localities have become more fruitful and
prosperous due to the discovery of minerals,
resource exploitation, or certain agricultural
activities, leading to the emergence of cities. It
is a well-known fact that increased productivity leads
to economic growth and higher value-added
employment opportunities. This trend typically
contributes to the development of land for use in
commercial properties, socio-economic support
institutions, transportation, and residential buildings
Department of S9 B. Arch 8
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

URBANIZATION

Causes Of Urbanization

Positive effects of Negative effects of

urbanisation urbanisation

Problem of over Disintegratio Cost of living Increase in Impersonal

population n of Joint Crime rates relations
family

Pollution Stress Environment Health & Overcrowdin

al effects social g
effects

Transportati Unemploym Slums & Sewage Trash

on problems ent squatter Problems Disposal
settlements

Department of S9 B. Arch 9
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

Housing challenges due to Urbanization

• Formation of slums and informal settlements

• High cost housing

• Overcrowding

• Housing shortage

• Inadequate infrastructure

• Gentrification

• High pressure on resources and environment

• Social inequality

• homelessness

Department of S9 B. Arch 10
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Definitions
UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living
under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the
following:
• Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against
extreme climate conditions.
• Sufficient living space, which means not more than three people A slum in Nairobi,
Kenya
sharing the same room.
• Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable
Source: UN-
price. Habitat

•A Access
compact to
area with at least
adequate 300 people
sanitation or about
in the form 60-70 households
of a private/ of
public
poorly built, by
toilet shared congested tenements,
a reasonable situated
no. of people. in an unhygienic
environment, usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking proper
source: census of India, 2001 and Slum in Mumbai,
sanitary and drinking water facilities National Slum Policy India.
Department of S9 B. Arch 11
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS

A residential area where dwellings are unfit for human habitation due to reasons such as
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty building arrangements and design, narrow or poorly arranged
streets, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities, or any combination of theseSource:
factors, which
Census of
India, 2011
Some characteristics
are detrimental ofhealth.
to safety and Slums
Housing A slum is a densely
Slums have poor quality housing that is often overcrowded, poorly heated, populated urban area
characterized by a
and lacks adequate light and ventilation. Dwellings may also be in
generally low standard
disrepair, fire hazards, and lack privacy. of living.
Environment
Slums are often characterized by degraded environments with poor
sanitation and an absence of recreational space.
Services
Slums may lack basic services such as electricity, potable water, drainage
Source: Ministry of Housing and Dharavi slum in
systems, schools, health facilities, and adequateUrban
street layout
Affairs, .
GOI
Mumbai
Department of S9 B. Arch 12
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS

National Trend-urban Slum Formation Slum Condition In

Kerala
• Percentage of slum is more in 8.41% of total urban population lived in slum in
metropolitan cities 2001
• Migrant population- in search of job Cochin–only city which had doubled slum
• India’s slum-dwelling population population in last 10 years
rose from 27.9 million in 1981 to over Cochin–24.6% slum population(2001)
40 million in 2001
• Slum dwellers are treated as second class
citizens by their society
• Health problems tend to be very high, as a
result of improper sanitation and lack of access
to basic health care.
• Malnutrition -serious problem in slums
Department of S9 B. Arch
• Crime makes a slum very dangerous for its13
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS

Slums- Magnitude of the Problem Current Global Population

Living in Slums
•Total Population: As of the
latest data, approximately 1
billion people, or about 24%
of the world's urban
population, live in slums. This
number has been increasing
due to rapid urbanization,
particularly
Source: in
UN-Habitat (Uniteddeveloping
Nations
Human Settlements Programme)
countries.
Note: Numbers in circles are in
Millions
Source: UN-Habitat

Department of S9 B. Arch 14
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Slums- Magnitude of the Problem Number of People Living
in Slums Globally
Approximately one-fifth of slum households live in
•Current Estimate: As of
extremely poor conditions, lacking more than three basic
the latest data,
shelter needs.
approximately 1 billion
Generally, the lack of sanitation and water in the region’s slums is
people live in slums
compounded by insufficient living space for families and
globally. This represents
inadequate, makeshift housing.
about 24% of the world's
• Worldwide, 18% of all urban housing units (some 125 million
urban population.
units) are non-permanent structures and at least 25% of all
•Projected Increase: If
housing (175 million houses) does not meet urban
current trends continue
construction codes.
without significant
• For every 10 non-permanent houses in the cities of developing
Source: UN-Habita
intervention, the number of
countries, 3 or 4 are located in areas prone to floods,
Department of S9 B. Arch 15
people living in slums could
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Causes of Slum Formation

1. Poverty –root cause of slum 9. Inadequate power of local authority –to

2. Economic conditions-unemployment & control haphazard urban development which
population growth leads to slum
3. Lack of education 10. Lack of proper repair & maintenance
4. Improper use of land of house
5. Industrialisation- in early stages -never 11. Acute housing shortage
took care of housing for laborers 12. Growth of population-population
6. Lack of zoning concentration at certain areas leads to slum
7. Migration-migrants occupy land illegally 13. Unplanned growth of an urban area
8. Squatter settlement –people occupying 14. Inflation: Hike in price –more rent-more
land without title deed. Colonies of squatter people live in
results in slum 15. Laborers around CBD forms slum
Department of S9 B. Arch 16
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Approaches To Tackle Slums

Punitive Approach –Slum Clearance

A common approach prevalent in many countries even today.
Forceful eviction of slum dweller, relocation within city on another site but most
of the time at outskirts of the city.
Forced' eviction of
Chennai slum
Curative Approach –Slum upgradation & Slum Development dwellers:

Upgrading the level of physical, social, and economic urban services as well as
land and tenure security.
Undertaking in-situ slum redevelopment which includes providing housing units
In-situ slum
with all urban services. upgradation under
JNNURM
Preventive Approach
Creating and providing opportunities for the urban poor, enabling them to find
affordable housing solutions. This involves predicting and planning for urban
Department of S9 B. Arch 17
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Approaches To Tackle Slums

Eviction
During the 1970s and 1980s, eviction was a common response to slum development, especially in
political environments characterized by centralized decision-making, weak local governance, non-
democratic urban management, lack of recognition of civil society movements, and insufficient legal
protection against forced evictions.
Public Housing
In the 1960s and 1970s, the primary approach to addressing housing problems in developing
countries was the construction of public housing. However, this approach proved inadequate as it
failed to meet the real needs of the population.
Self-Help and In-Situ Slum Upgradation Programs
Focuses on regularizing land and housing rights and improving existing infrastructure such as water
supply, sanitation, storm drainage, and electricity to satisfactory standards.
Typically Department of S9improvements
B. Arch 18
does not involve new home construction, allowing residents to make
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Approaches To Tackle Slums

Housing Capital Subsidies

•Demand-Side Subsidies: Includes housing allowances and vouchers. Such subsidies have
been successfully implemented in Eastern Europe to assist with housing needs.
Resettlement
•Purpose: Aims to enhance the use of land and property occupied by slums by relocating
residents. This approach is based on the belief that resettlement can improve land and property
utilization.
Participatory Slum Improvement
•Community Involvement: Modern practice emphasizes involving the community from the
outset through formal processes. Residents are often required to contribute to the improvement
process, fostering commitment and providing rewards.

Department of S9 B. Arch 19
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Policies & Strategies For Slum Improvement

Improving slums is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a combination of policies,
strategies, and actions at various levels of government, with the involvement of communities and
stakeholders. The overarching goal is to enhance the living conditions, socio-economic
opportunities, and overall well-being of slum residents.
1. Upgrading
Key Infrastructure:
Policies and Strategies for Slum Improvement:
• Basic Services: Provide access to clean water, sanitation facilities, electricity, and waste
management services.
• Roads and Transportation: Improve transportation links and road infrastructure within
slums to enhance connectivity.
2. Housing Improvement:
• Affordable Housing: Develop affordable and decent housing options for slum dwellers,
including subsidized housing and microfinance programs.
Department of S9 B. Arch 20
• Land Tenure: Address land tenure issues to provide slum residents with security of land
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Policies & Strategies For Slum Improvement
3. Community Engagement and Empowerment
• Community Participation: Involve slum residents in decision-making processes,
encouraging them to take ownership of their communities.
• Skills Training:
4. Healthcare Provide vocational training and education programs to enhance
and Education
• employment opportunities
Health Clinics: for residents.
Establish healthcare facilities and clinics to provide basic healthcare
services.
• Education: Ensure access to quality education, including schools and adult literacy
programs.
5. Employment and Economic Opportunities
• Microfinance and Small Business Support: Facilitate access to microfinance and
small business development programs to create income-generating opportunities.
• Job Placement: Partner with local businesses and industries to offer job placement
Department
programs for of
slum residents. S9 B. Arch 21
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Policies & Strategies For Slum Improvement
6. Urban Planning and Design
• Inclusive Planning: Develop urban plans that include slums and integrate them into the
broader city development strategy.
• Mixed-Use Development: Promote mixed-use development to create vibrant and
economically sustainable slum communities.
7. Land Use Regulation and Zoning
• Land Use Policies: Implement land use regulations and zoning laws to prevent the further
expansion of slums and encourage orderly urban development.
8. Partnerships and Collaboration
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborate with private sector entities to fund and
implement slum improvement projects.
• NGOs and Civil Society: Engage non-governmental organizations and civil society groups
to support community development initiatives.
Department of S9 B. Arch 22
Syllabus | Housing challenges due to Urbanization | Slums | Housing Policies

SLUMS
Policies & Strategies For Slum Improvement

9. Data Collection and Monitoring

• Data-driven Decision Making: Collect and analyze data on slums to inform policy
decisions and measure the impact of interventions.

10. Inclusive Governance

• Decentralization: Promote decentralized governance structures that empower local
authorities to address slum-related issues effectively.
• Transparency and Accountability: Ensure transparency in resource allocation and
accountability in project implementation.
11. Long-term Planning
• Comprehensive Strategies: Develop comprehensive, long-term strategies for slum
improvement that align with broader urban development goals.

Department of S9 B. Arch 23