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Chapter 3 Operational Amplifiers

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Chapter 3 Operational Amplifiers

Uploaded by

semira Alewi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Electronics II

Chapter III
Operational Amplifiers
contents
• Characteristics and operation of Op-Amp
• The ideal Op-Amp circuit analysis
• Inverting, non-Inverting and voltage follower Op-Amps
• Open loop and closed loop voltage gains in Op-Amps
• Op-Amp performance parameters
• Application of Op-Amps in Linear circuits

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Basic Op-Amp
Operational amplifier (op-amp) is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input
impedance directly coupled negative feedback amplifier which can amplify signals having
frequency range from 0Hz to a little beyond 1Mhz .
 It is so named because it was originally designed to perform mathematical operations like
summation ,subtraction ,multiplication, differentiation and integration etc ,in analog computers.
Typical uses of Op-amp are scale changing , analog computer operation in instrumentation control
systems and a great variety of phase-shift and oscillator ckts .
 Although an OP-AMP is a complete amplifier external components (R,C,etc) can be connected
its terminal to change its external characteristics . Hence, it is easy to fit a particular
application, this made it OP-Amp versatile and popular in industry .
 An op- Amp is made an IC form may contain two dozen of transistor and dozen of resistors , and
one or two capacitors .

33
OP-AMP Symbol

Polarity Conventions
The + and - sign shows the phase relationship between input and output signals
4
741 Op-Amp –Internal Circuitry
Op Amp – A multistage Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier stage
• High gain CE amplifier stage
• Class B push pull emitter follower

Differential Class B Push pull


More stages of gain
Amplifier Amplifier

OPA-Amp is a high-gain ,direct-coupled amplifier consisting of


multiple stages an input stage to provide a high input resistance
with a certain amount of voltage gain, a middle stage to provide a
high voltage gain , and an output stage to provide a low
resistance .
Op Amp Equivalent Circuit
The ideal Op-Amp
 When it is operating without connecting any resistors and capacitors and without feedback .
And it is called open-loop condition .

The ideal Op-Amp has characteristics


 infinite voltage gain,
 infinite bandwidth . It has flat frequency response from dc to dc
 infinite input impedance,
 zero output impedance,
 infinite gain for differential input signal,
 zero gain for common-mode input signal and infinite CMRR. 8
Practical Op-Amp Circuits
• Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be treated as ideal
for certain situations, but can never actually attain ideal characteristics.
• In addition to finite gain, bandwidth, and input impedance, they have
other limitations.

9
9
Virtual ground and Summing point
The concept of virtual grounding arises from the fact that i/p voltage Vi at the inverting
terminal of Op-amps is forced to such small value that for all practical purpose it may
assumed to be zero.

Hence, point A is essentially at ground voltage and it is referred to as virtual ground . The
algebraic sum of voltages from V1 and feedback is almost zero.

1010
OP-AMP Applications

1. A Scalar or linear constant –gain amplifier


2. As unity gain follower (Voltage follower)
3. Adder or summer
4. Subtractor
5. Integrator
6. Differentiator
7. Comparator

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Linear Amplifier
a. Non-Inverting Op-Amps

Since the current drawn by the amplifier is zero, the effective input resistance
of the amplifier is very high tend to unity. 12
12
Proof: Zout(NI)
b. Inverting Amplifier
• An inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the non-inverting
input is grounded and the signal is applied through a resistor to the
inverting input. Using KCL and for ideal Op-amp ,

= ,
Also ,
For
Proof: Z(I)
2. Unit Follower/ Voltage follower

It is used as a buffer/ isolator between high input impedance source and


low output load
3.a)Inverting Adder b) Non –
Inverting adder

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4. Op-Amp Differential Amplifier

If R1 = R2 and Rf = Rg:
5. Integrator
• An integrator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
integral of the input signal.
6. Differentiator
• A differentiator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to
the rate of change of the input signal.
7. Comparator
• It is a circuit which compares two signals or voltage levels .
• Open-loop opamp’s output determine by relative
values of the two inputs(differential input).
It sets the output based on which input is higher.
An open-loop Opamp acts as comparator

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b. Comparator

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