Chapter 5 Loops

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Objectives
 To write programs for executing statements repeatedly using a while loop
(§5.2).
 To follow the loop design strategy to develop loops (§§5.2.1–5.2.3).
 To control a loop with a sentinel value (§5.2.4).
 To obtain large input from a file using input redirection rather than typing
from the keyboard (§5.2.5).
 To write loops using do-while statements (§5.3).
 To write loops using for statements (§5.4).
 To discover the similarities and differences of three types of loop
statements (§5.5).
 To write nested loops (§5.6).
 To learn the techniques for minimizing numerical errors (§5.7).
 To learn loops from a variety of examples (GCD, FutureTuition,
Dec2Hex) (§5.8).
 To implement program control with break and continue (§5.9).
 To write a program that displays prime numbers (§5.11).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 while Loop Flow Chart
int count = 0;
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
while (count < 100) {
// loop-body;
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
Statement(s); Boolean!
count++;
} }

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value
Often the number of times a loop is executed is not
predetermined. You may use an input value to
signify the end of the loop. Such a value is known
as a sentinel value.

Write a program that reads and calculates the sum

of an unspecified number of integers. The input 0
signifies the end of the input.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Caution
Don’t use floating-point values for equality checking in a
loop control. Since floating-point values are
approximations for some values, using them could result
in imprecise counter values and inaccurate results.
Consider the following code for computing 1 + 0.9 + 0.8
+ ... + 0.1:
double item = 1; double sum = 0;
while (item != 0) { // No guarantee item will be 0
sum += item;
item -= 0.1;
}
System.out.println(sum);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 do-while Loop

do {
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 for Loops
for (initial-action; loop- int i;
continuation-condition; action- for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
after-each-iteration) {
System.out.println(
// loop body;
Statement(s); "Welcome to Java!");
} }

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Note
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated expressions. The action-after-each-
iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-
separated statements. Therefore, the following two for
loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice,
however.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));

for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

// Do something

}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Note
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted,
it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a),
which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is
better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:

for ( ; ; ) { Equivalent while (true) {

// Do something // Do something
} }
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:
Logic
Error

for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i < 10); Logic Error
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is
needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
} while (i<10); Correct

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these
three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure
can always be converted into the following for loop in (b):
while (loop-continuation-condition) { Equivalent for ( ; loop-continuation-condition; )
// Loop body // Loop body
} }
(a) (b)

A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the
following while loop in (b) except in certain special cases (see Review Question
3.19 for one of them):
for (initial-action; initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition; Equivalent while (loop-continuation-condition) {
action-after-each-iteration) { // Loop body;
// Loop body; action-after-each-iteration;
} }
(a) (b)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Recommendations
 Use the one that is most intuitive and comfortable for
you.
 In general, a for loop may be used if the number of
repetitions is known, as, for example, when you need
to print a message 100 times.
 A while loop may be used if the number of repetitions
is not known, as in the case of reading the numbers
until the input is 0.
 A do-while loop can be used to replace a while loop if
the loop body has to be executed before testing the
continuation condition.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Nested Loops

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Nested Loops

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Problem:
Finding the Greatest Common Divisor

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 break and continue
The break and continue keywords provide additional controls in a loop.
public class TestBreak {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20) {

number++;
sum += number;
if (sum >= 100)
break;
}

System.out.println("The number is " + number);

System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 continue
public class TestContinue {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20) {

number++;
if (number == 10 || number == 11)
continue;
sum += number;
}

System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
19
Problem:
Checking
Palindrome

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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