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Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

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6 views16 pages

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

Uploaded by

suarezche07102005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of Central

Tendency
Central Tendency
 Measures of central tendency summarize a set
of data points by identifying a central value
around which other data points cluster. They are
commonly used in education to interpret student
performance and understand class trends.
 the measure that identifies the center or typical
value of a dataset. In simpler terms, it shows
what is "average" or "normal" for a group of
numbers.
Central Tendency
 Measures of Central Tendency:
 Mean
 The sum of all scores divided by the number of
scores.
 Median
 The value that divides the distribution in half
when observations are ordered.
 Mode
 The most frequent score.
Measure of central
tendency
Arithmetic Mean (Mean)
Definition:
Sum of all the observation s divided by the number
of the observations

The arithmetic mean is the most common measure


of the central location of a sample.
N n

x i
x i
Population   i 1 Sample X i 1

N n
Mean “sigma”, the sum of X,
add up all scores

 Population
X
“mu”  “N”, the total number
N of scores in a
population
 Sample “sigma”, the sum of X,
add up all scores
X
“X X 
bar” n
“n”, the total
number of scores
in a sample
Mean: Example
Data: {1,3,6,7,2,3,5}

• number of observations: 7
•Sum of observations: 27
•Mean:
3.9
Simple Frequency
Distributions
raw-score distribution frequency distribution

name X
f X
Student1 20
3 15
Student2 23
2 20
Student3 15
2 21
Student4 21
1 23
Student5 15
f
Student6 21 Mean 
N
Student7 15
Student8 20
Median
Definition:
The value that is larger than half the
population and smaller than half the population

n is odd: the median score


5, 8, 9, 10, 28 median = 9

n is even: the n+1 th score


2
6, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27 median = 19.5
Mode
Most frequently occurring
value
Data {1,3,7,3,2,3,6,7}
• Mode : 3

Data {1,3,7,3,2,3,6,7,1,1}
• Mode : 1,3

Data {1,3,7,0,2,-3, 6,5,-1}


• Mode : none
Central Tendency
Example: Mode
 52, 76, 100, 136, 186, 196, 205, 150,
257, 264, 264, 280, 282, 283, 303, 313,
317, 317, 325, 373, 384, 384, 400, 402,
417, 422, 472, 480, 643, 693, 732, 749,
750, 791, 891
 Mode: most frequent observation
 Mode(s) for hotel rates:
 264, 317, 384
Example: Central Location
Suppose the age in years of the first 10 subjects enrolled in
your study are:

34, 24, 56, 52, 21, 44, 64, 34, 42, 46

Then the mean age of this group is _________ years

To find the median, first order the data:


21, 24, 34, 34, 42, 44, 46, 52, 56, 64
The median is ________________
The mode is _____________________ years.
Example: Central Location
Suppose the age in years of the first 10 subjects enrolled in
your study are:

34, 24, 56, 52, 21, 44, 64, 34, 42, 46

Then the mean age of this group is 41.7 years

To find the median, first order the data:


21, 24, 34, 34, 42, 44, 46, 52, 56, 64
The median is 42 +44 = 43 years
2
The mode is 34 years.
Suppose the next patient enrolls and their age is 97 years.
How does the mean and median change?

To get the median, order the data:


21, 24, 34, 34, 42, 44, 46, 52, 56, 64, 97

If the age were recorded incorrectly as 977 instead of 97,


what would the new median be? What would the new
mean be?
Calculating the Mean
from a Frequency
Distribution
# of Children(Y) Frequency(f) Frequency*Y(fY)
0 12
1 25
2 733
3 333
4 183
5 26
6 15
7 12
Total 1339

Y 
 fY

N
Calculating the Mean
from a Frequency
Distribution
# of Children(Y) Frequency(f) Frequency*Y(fY)
0 12 0
1 25 25
2 733 1466
3 333 999
4 183 732
5 26 130
6 15 90
7 12 84
Total 1339 3526

Y 
 fY

3526
2.6
N 1339
Importance in Education
- Central tendency provides a clear, concise
representation of student achievement, making
complex data easier to understand and communicate.

- It helps identify the overall academic performance of


a class, school, or district, enabling comparisons
across groups or over time.

- By analyzing trends, teachers can tailor lessons to


meet the needs of students performing near or below
the central measure.

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