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INTRODUCTION

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 A questioned document is one in which
a document in its entirety, or in part, is
subject to question as to authenticity
and/or origin.
 Any signature, handwriting,
typewriting, or other marks whose
source or authenticity is in dispute or is
doubtful.

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 Osborn is considered the pioneer of the
question document field because he
published a book, Questioned Documents.
 Widely excepted because of his extensive use of
scientific techniques.
 Albert Osborn and Lindbergh Baby Case
 Result of his work and national attention, the
QD field was included in many Federal and
State Agencies.
 Now called Questioned Document Examiners
 DOCUMENT – any material containing marks,
symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible
that may present or ultimately convey a
meaning to someone, maybe in the form of
pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on
paper.
 The term came from the Latin word
“documentum” which means “lesson, or
example.
 In medieval Latin (“instruction or official paper’).

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 QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Any
material which some issue has
been raised or which is under
scrutiny.
 One which the facts appearing therein
may not be true, and are contested
either in whole or part with respect to
its authenticity, identity, or origin. It
may be a deed, contract, will, election
ballots, marriage contract, check,
visas, application form check, writer,
certificate, etc.
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 DISPUTED DOCUMENT – the term
suggesting that there is an argument
or controversy over the document.
 STANDARD DOCUMENT – are
condensed and compact set of
authentic specimens which if adequate
and proper, should contain a cross
section of the material from a known
source.
 In QDE, Standard Documents are things
whose origins are known and can be
proven and which can be legally used as
examples to compare with other matters
in quetsion.
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 HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – Any
document written and signed by
one person; Also known as
Holograph.
 REFERENCE COLLECTION - Material
compiled and organized by the
document examiner to assist him
in answering special questions.

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 PUBLIC DOCUMENT – any instrument
notarized by a notary public or competent
public official with solemnities required by
law.
 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – any instrument issued
by the government or its agents or its
officers having the authority to do so and the
offices, which in accordance with their
creation, they are authorized to issue and be
issued in the performance of their duties.

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 PRIVATE DOCUMENT – every deed or
instrument executed by a private
person without the intervention of a
notary public or of any person legally
authorized, by which documents,
some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidenced set forth.
 COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – any
instrument executed in accordance
with the Code of Commerce or any
Mercantile Law, containing disposition
of commercial rights or obligations.

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 A draft of a municipal payroll which is
not yet approved by the proper
authority.
 Mere blank forms of official documents,
the spaces of which are not filled up.
 Pamphlets or books which do not
evidence any disposition or agreement
are not documents but are mere
merchandise.
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 Documents with questioned signature
 Questioned documents alleged to have been
containing fraudulent alterations.
 Questioned or Disputed Holographic Wills
 Holographic Will- will entirely written in the
handwriting of the testator.
 Notarial Will – signed by the testator acknowledge
before a notary public with 3 witnesses.

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 Documents investigated on the
question of Typewriting.
 Ascertain their source
 With the view of determining whether
or not they contain fraudulent
alterations or substitutions.
 Questioned Documents on issues of
their age and date.
 Documents or writings investigated
because it is alleged that they
identify some persons through
handwriting.
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DOCUMENT & QUESTIONED
EXAMINATION

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 ADDITION – any matter made a part of
the document after its original
preparation may be referred to as
addition.
 CONCLUSION – a scientific conclusion
results from relating observed facts by
logical, common-sense reasoning in
accordance with established rules or
laws.
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 DOCUMENT EXAMINER – one who studies
scientifically the details and elements of
documents in order to identify their source
or to discover other facts concerning them.
 ERASURE – the removal of writing or
printing from a document is an erasure.
 CHEMICAL ERADICATION – in which the writing
is removed or bleached by chemical agents
(liquid ink eradicator)
 ABRASIVE ERASURE – is where the writing is
effaced by rubbing with a rubber eraser or
scratching out with a knife or other sharp
implement.

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 EXAMINATION – it is the act of making
a close and critical study of any
material and with questioned
documents, it is the process necessary
to discover the facts about them.
 EXPERT WITNESS – a legal term used
to describe a witness who by reason of
his special training or experience is
permitted to express an opinion
regarding the issue, or a certain
aspect of the issue, which is involve in
court action.

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 HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION EXPERT –
a common name for the document
examiner.
 IDENTIFICATION ( Identity) – as used in
this text it is the state of being identical
or absolutely the same as in similarity of
source or authorship of the questioned
document and the standard document.
 INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION – The
term “insertion” & “interlineations”
include the addition of writing and other
material between lines or paragraphs or
the addition of whole page to a document.

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 NON-IDENTIFICATION (Non-Identity) – as
used in this text it means that the
source or authorship of the compared
questioned and standard specimens is
different.
 OBLITERATION – the blotting out or
shearing over the writing to make the
original invisible to as an addition.
 OPINION – In legal Language, it refers to
the Document Examiner Conclusion.
Actually in court, he not only expresses
an opinion but demonstrates the
reasons for arriving at his opinion.
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 CRIMINALISTIC EXAMINATION – this
involves the detection of forgery, erasure,
alteration or obliteration of documents.
 HANDWRITING INVESTIGATION/ANALYSIS –
this is more focused in determining the
author of writing. It is more difficult
procedure and requires long study and
experience.

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 Handwriting examination
 Examination of Typewriting and Type
prints.
 Examination of Inks
 Examination of Erasure, alterations and
obliterations
 Counterfeiting

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 Analysis
 Comparison
 Evaluation

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 It is the initial examination conducted
on a document to determine whether it
is genuine or not.

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  It should be conducted by a
Questioned Document Expert.

Who is a Questioned Documents expert?

 Attained he appropriate education and training.
 Sufficient Knowledge on the technical, scientific, and legal
aspects of document examinations.
 A broad experience in handling document cases.

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 OFF-HAND OPINION is usually a
conclusion that is not based on
thorough scientific examination.

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 MAGNIFYING LENS - for currency
examination. It has five (5) times magnifying
power.
 SHADOWGRAPH – a pictorial image formed
by casting a shadow, usually of the hands,
upon a rightful surface or screen.
 TRANSMITTED LIGHT GADGET – a device
where light comes from beneath or behind
glass on document is placed.

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 ULTRA-VIOLET LAMP – this is usually
used in the detection of counterfeited
bills but can actually be used to detect
security features of qualified
documents.
 INFRA-RED VIEWER – primarily used to
decipher writings in a charred paper.
 COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – similar to
that of the bullet comparison
microscope.

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 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION – any
examination or study which is made
with the microscope in order to
discover minute physical details.
Stereoscopic examination with low and
high power objectives is used to detect
retouching, patching and unnatural
pen-lift in signature analysis.

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 TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION – in this
examination, the document is viewed with the
source of illumination behind it and the light
passing through the paper. It is use to
determine the presence of erasures, matching
of serrations and some other types of
alterations.
 OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION – an
examination with the illumination so controlled
that it grazes or strikes the surface of the
document from one side at a very low angle.
 It is use to decipher faded handwriting,
determination of outlines in traced forgery,
embossed impression, etc.

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 ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION –
ultraviolet radiation is invisible and
occurs in the wave lengths just
below the visible blue-violet end of
the spectrum (rainbow).
 These visible rays react on some
substances so that visible light is
reflected, a phenomenon known as
FLOURESCENCE.
 It is use when there is suspected
substitution.

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 INFRA-RED EXAMINATION- this
examination of documents
employs invisible radiation beyond
the red portion of the visible
spectrum (rainbow) which is
usually recorded on a especially
sensitized photographic paper.

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 HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION &
EXAMINATION

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 It is the result of a very complicated
series of facts, being used as whole,
combination of certain forms of visible
mental and muscular habits acquired
by long, continued painstaking effort.
 Some defined handwriting as visible
speech.

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 CURSIVE – connected writing in which
one letter is joined to the next.

 SCRIPT – separated or printed writing

 BLOCK – all Capital Letters

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 SYSTEM OF WRITING – is the
combination of basic design of letters
and writing movements as taught in
school.
 NATURAL WRITING – is any specimen of
writing executed normally without any
attempt to control or alters its
identifying habits and its usual quality
of execution.
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 DISGUISED WRITING – is a way of
writing in which the writer
deliberately tries to alters his usual
writing habits in the hope of hiding
his identity.
 CURSIVE WRITING – is a style of
writing in which the letters are for the
most part joined together.
 HAND LETTERING – is any
disconnected style of writing in which
the letters are written separately.

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 HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTS – is a
document which is completely
written and signed by one person.
 SIGNATURE – is one’s name written
by himself on a document as a
sign of acknowledgement.
 WRITING HABIT – is any repeated
element or detail that may serve
to individualize writings.

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 Graphologist
 Profiles character or personality by drawing
conclusions from certain types of
characteristics in the handwriting sample.
 They do not compare handwriting to determine
authenticity or origin. Remember, most of
graphology lack scientific proof.
 On the other hand, some of the principles of
graphology are correct like:
 Handwriting can be effected by illness, old age, etc…
 Have many different “systems of graphology”.
GRAPHOLOGY EXAMPLES
 It is any property or mark which
distinguishes and, in QDE it is
commonly referred to identifying
details.
 2 Kinds of Characteristics:
 CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – identifying
details which are common to a group.
 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – highly
personal and peculiar and are unlikely to
occur in other instances.

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 FORM – this refers to the shape or
design of the individual letters.
 Mere similarities in form are not sufficient
indication of identity.
 Basic differences in form of letters are
indications of two writings being made by
different writers.

Ex. A, a,a,a, a, a,

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 SLOPE / SLANT – it is the angle or
inclination of the axis of letters
relative to the baseline.
 Most people slope their writing
forward; others distinctly backward
inclination, while the rest is
upward/upright or vertical inclination.
 Slant, Slant, Slant, Slant,

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 SIZE – as a writing characteristic is
somewhat divergent under varying
condition and may have but little
significance when applied to only
one example, or to a small
quantity of writing like a signature
unless the divergence is very
pronounced.


Ex. Size, Size, Size
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 Proportion – the relative height of one
letter to another letter.
 Ratio – The relation between the tall and
small letters. In an ordinary copy book
form, the length of the upper and lower
loops of the tall letters is twice the
length of the short letters.
 SHORT LETTERS- letters written entirely
between the lines. Ex. a, c, e, I, m, n, o, r, s,
u, v, w,x.
 TALL LETTERS – letter with upper or lower
loops or other projected portion.
 Ex. b, d, f, g, h, j, l, p, t, y and z.

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 CONNECTING STROKES – this refers to
the strokes of links that connects a
letter with the one following. In
signature, it is a common practice
among many writers to write their
signatures with the initials and
connected without lifting the pen.
 From the character of connection ,writing
can be classified as:
 CIRCULAR
 ELLIPTICAL
 ANGULAR

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 TERMINAL STROKES & INITIAL STROKES –
When a letter, word or name (signature)
is completed in a free, natural writing, the
pen is usually raised from the paper while
in motion with a “flying finish” (or what is
also referred to as “vanishing”, “tapering”
or “flourishing” terminal strokes) and with
many writers, the motion of the pen also
slightly precedes the putting of the pen
on the paper at the beginning of the
“flying start” so that the strokes at the
beginning and end or words gradually
diminish or taper to a “vanishing point”.

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 PEN LIFT – it is an interruption in a
stroke caused by removing the pen
from the paper. It is the
disconnection between letters and
letter combinations and due to
lack of movement control. Forged
writings often show too many pen-
lift at wrong places.
 HIATUS – it is a gap between
strokes due to speed in writing and
defective writing instrument.
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 LATERAL SPACING – is considered as a
common characteristics when it conforms to
the ordinary copy book form.
 Spacing of word is often a feature in handwriting.
 SHADING – It is the widening of the ink strokes
with increase pressure on the paper surface.
 LINE QUALITY – refers to the visible record in
the written stroke of the basic movement and
manner of holding the writing instrument.
 ALIGNMENT- is the relation of the parts of the
whole line of writing or line of individual letters
in words or signature to the baseline.

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 RHYTHM – it is the balanced quality
of movements of the harmonious
recurrence of stress or impulse. It is
the flowing succession of motion that
is recorded in a written record.
 WRITING SKILL –is the relative degree
of ability of a writer’s proficiency.
 PEN PRESSURE – It is the average
force in which the pen makes contact
with the paper or the usual force
involve in writing.
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 TREMOR – means “deviations from
uniform strokes due to lack of
smoothness perfectly apparent even
without magnification. Lack of
muscular skill with the pen.
 NATURAL VARIATION – it is due to
lack of machine-like precision of the
human hand. It is caused by external
factors. It is influence by physical
and mental factors such as fatigue,
intoxication, illness, nervousness.

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 RUBRIC / EMBELLISHMENT – This
refers to additional unnecessary
strokes to legibility of letterforms
or writings but incorporated in
writing for decorative or
ornamental purposes.

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 ARC / ARCH – any arcade form in the
body of the letter.
 BEARD – a rudimentary curved in initial
strokes.
 BLUNT/ENDING – blunt ending and
initial strokes are results of the drawing
process in forgery.

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 BUCKLE KNOT- the horizontal and
looped strokes that are often used
to complete such letters.
 CENTRAL PART OF THE BODY – the
part of a letter ordinarily formed by
a small circle that usually lies on
the line of writing.
 EYE LOOP/ EYELET – the small loop
formed by strokes that extend in
divergent direction.
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 FOOT OF THE LETTER OR OVAL –
the lower portion of any down
stroke which terminates on the
baseline.
 DIACRITIC – an element added to
complete a letter.
 HITCH- the introductory backward
strokes added to the beginning or
ending of many capital letters or
small letters.

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 HOOK or TROUGH – the bend, crook
or curve on the inner side of the
bottom loop or curve of small letter.
 HUMP – the rounded outside of the
bend, crook, or curve in small letters.
 SPUR – short, horizontal beginning
strokes.
 KNOB – rounded appearance at the
beginning or ending strokes.

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 MAIN STROKE – downward stroke of
any letter.
 WHIRL – upward stroke
 RETRACE / RETRACING – a stroke that
goes back over another writing
stroke.
 RETOUCHING/PATCHING – a stroke
that goes back to repair a defective
portion of writing.
 STAFF- back space of the letter.
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 BASELINE – rules of imaginary line
where the writing rest.

 COPY BOOK FORM – design of letter

which is fundamental to a writing
system.
 PEN EMPHASIS – it is the periodic
increase in pressure of intermittently
forcing the pen against the paper
surface with increased pressure.
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Standard and Exemplars

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 STANDARD – They are known writings
which indicate how a person writes. A
general term referring to all
authenticated writings of the suspect.
 EXEMPLARS –Specimen of the writing of
suspects.

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 COLLECTED STANDARDS – are KNOWN
(genuine) handwriting of an individual
such as signature and endorsements
on cancelled checks, legal paper
letters, commercial, official, public and
private document and other
handwriting such as letters,
memoranda, etc.
 Written in the course of daily life, both
business and socials.

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 Requested Standards- are
signature or other writings (or hand
printing) written by an individual
upon request for the purpose of
comparison with other handwriting
or for specimen purposes.
 Post Litem Motan Exemplars –
writings produced by the subject
after evidential writings have come
into dispute and solely for the
purpose of establishing his
contentions.

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 Have subject seated in a natural position at
table or desk having smooth writing
surface.
 Furnish subject with paper and writing
instrument similar to those used in
questioned writings.
 Never permit the subject to see any writing
on the questioned document.
 Dictate material to be written: give no
assistance in spelling or arrangement on
speed.
 Dictate at a rate speed which will produce
the subject natural writing habits.
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 Too slow dictation will enable subject
to attempt disguise, to rapid
dictation will not produce normal
writing.
 Remove each specimen upon
completion and request the subject
to sign each specimen.
 Observe all writing done by subjects
and indicate any attempt to disguise,
as well as whether subject appears
no be normally right or left handed.

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 Furnish subject with check blanks similar to
the questioned check/s.
 Dictate the entries to be made on specimen
checks as follows:
 Date (same as shown on questioned check)
 Payee
 Signature
 Any other handwriting shown on questioned check

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 Cancelled Checks
 Signature cards for saving, checking, and charge
accounts.
 Business or personal letters
 Signature on sales slips, requisition slip and
purchase slips.
 Contracts, deeds, mortgages
 Loan application, employment application
 School records
 Application forms
 Etc…

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 At least ten(10) to twenty five (25)
signatures
 Writing – usually four to five pages pf
natural writing.

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 If the questioned writings are hand printed,
then get hand printed standard or exemplar.
 Determine whether the questioned writing is
purely cursive, or script.
 The ideal standards are those before, on and
after the date of the questioned writing. The
interval of years between the questioned and
standards should not exceed more than five
years.

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 Type of signature Remedy (required standard)
Signature of the careless or Collected standards
highly erratic writer.
Receipt Signature Other Receipt signature
Near-Illiterate Writer Requested standards if writer
is still living
Signatures of Physically Collect standards written in
impaired Writer. the same situation
The intoxicated signature Collect 2 or 3 more
Old age Deterioration standards
The sick bed signature Similar to old age
deterioration
Disguised signature or writing Specimen written in normal
condition could not be used
therefore consider collected
and requested standards. 68
 Abnormally large writing
 Abnormally small writing
 Alteration in slant
 Usually variation in slant
 Printed form instead of cursive form
 Diminution in the usual speed of
writing
 Unusual widening or restriction of
lateral spacing
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 Change of slant (from right to left)
 Change of letter, either from cursive to
block style.
 Change of style from small to big
 Deteriorating one’s handwriting
 Using the wrong hand ( ambidextrous)

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 Bizarre letter form
 Greatly enlarge writing
 Illegible forms
 Uneven baseline
 Extraneous strokes
 Inconsistency of Slant
 Inconsistency in the form of repeated
letters
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 Standard writings witnessed
 Standards writings admitted
 Record maintained in regular course of
business as standard writings.
 Government document
 Ancient writings
 Familiarity sometimes establishes
standard writings.

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Investigation & Detailed
Examination of Signature

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 Signature is the name of a person
written by him/her in a document as a
sign of acknowledgement. Or, it is a
name or a mark that a person puts at
the end of a document to attest that he
is its author or that he ratifies its
contents.

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 CROSS MARK – Historically, many who
could not write signed with a cross
mark or crude X. This authenticating
mark is still used today by illiterates,
and if properly witnessed, it can legally
stand for a signature. Ballot marks are
also referred to as cross marks because
of the common practice of marking
with an X.
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 EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE – it is a
signature, signed at a particular
time and place, under particular
conditions, while the signer was at
particular age, in a particular
physical and mental condition,
using particular implements, and
with a particular reason and
purpose for recording his name.
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 FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE – a forged
signature –It involves the writing of
a name as a signature by someone
other than the person himself,
without his permission, often with
some degree of imitation.
 FREEHAND SIGNATURE – a
fraudulent signature that was
executed purely by simulation
rather than by tracing the outline of
a genuine signature.

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 GUIDED SIGNATURE – A signature
that is executed while the writers
hand or arm is steadied in any way.
Under the law of most jurisdiction
such signature authenticates a
legal document provided it is
shown that the writer requested
the assistance. Guided signatures
are most commonly written during
a serious illness or on a deathbed.
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 MODEL SIGNATURE – a genuine
signature that has been used to
prepare an imitated or traced forgery.
 THEORY OF COMPARISON – the act of
setting two or more signature in an
inverted position to weigh their
identifying significance, the reason
being that those we fail to see under
normal comparison may readily be
seen under this theory.

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 A signature is a word most practiced by many
people and therefore most fluently written.
 A signature is a means to identify a person and
have a great personal significance.
 A signature is written with little attention to
spelling and some other details.
 A signature is a word written without conscious
thought about the mechanics of its production
and is written automatically.
 A signature is the only word the illiterate can
write with confidence.

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 FORMAL ( a.k.a.Conventional/CopyBook
Form) - complete correct signature for
an important document such as will.
 INFORMAL (Cursory) – usually for
routine documents and personal
correspondence.
 CARELESS SCRIBBLE – for the mail
carrier, delivery boy or the autograph
collector.

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 A legal term which involves not only a
non-genuine document but also intent
to fraud.

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 SIMULATED or FREEHAND IMITATION
FORGERY
 TRACED FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE)
 SPURIOUS SIGNATURE
 SIGNATURE BY MEANS OF A STAMPED
FACSIMILE OR A GENUINE OR MODEL.
 FORGERYBY COMPUTER SCANNING

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 SIMULATED or FREEHAND IMITATION
FORGERY – It is a fraudulent
signature which was executed purely
by simulation rather than by tracing
the outline of a genuine signature.
Or it refers to the free-hand drawing
in imitation of model signature.
 Kinds:
 SIMULATED with the model before the forger
 Direct technique
 Indirect Technique
 SIMULATED with free hand forgery
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 Simulated with model before the
forger – the forger makes an effort
to obtain a reproduction of the
model signature. He works slowly,
stroke by stroke.
 Direct Technique – forger works
directly with ink.
 Indirect –Forger works first with pencil
and afterwards covers the pencil
strokes with ink.

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 Simulated Free Hand Forgery –
used by forgers who have a certain
skill in writing. After some practice,
the forger tries to write a copy of
the model quickly.

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 TRACED FORGERY (TRACED
SIGNATURE) –any fraudulent signature
which was executed by actually following
the outline of a genuine signature with a
writing instrument.
 Kinds:
 DIRECT TRACING – tracing is made by
transmitted light.
 INDIRECT TRACING – forger uses a carbon
paper and place document on which he will
trace the forged signature under the document
bearing the model signature with a carbon
paper between the two.
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 CARBON PROCESS – the forger places
the document to be forged on the
bottom, inter-leaves a piece of carbon
paper and places on top a document
containing the genuine signature. The
forger then traces over the genuine
signature with a pencil, pen stylus, or
other sharp pointed instrument.

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 INDENTATION PROCESS – the
document containing the model
signature is placed on top of the
forged document. The forger traces
with considerable pressure over the
genuine signature using pencil, pen
stylus or similar sharp pointed
instruments and creates an indented
signature outline on the document
being forged. Later, this impression
outline is overwritten using pencil, or
directly with a fountain pen or any
other similar writing instrument.

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 TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS – the
document to be forged is placed on
top of the document containing the
genuine signature. The two
documents are superimposed over a
light source on a transparent flat
surface. The forger traces the
signature outline, with either pencil
or fountain pen following the design
(outline) of the genuine signature set
in bold relief by the light in back of it.

90
 Place the questioned and the standard
signature in the juxtaposition or side by side
for simultaneous viewing of the various
elements and characteristics.
 The first element to be considered is the
handwriting movement or the manner of
execution (slow, deliberate, rapid, etc.). The
fundamental difference existing between a
genuine signature and an almost perfect
forgery is the manner of execution.

91
 The second element to examine is the
quality of line, the presence of tremors,
smooth, fluent or hesitation. Defect in
line quality is only appreciated when
simultaneous viewing is made.
 Examine the beginning and ending
lines, they are very significant,
determine whether the appearance
blunt, club shaped, tapered or
vanishing.

92
 Design and structure of the letters-
determine as to roundness,
smoothness, angularity and direction.
 Look for the presence of retouching or
patching.
 Connecting strokes, slant, ratio, size,
lateral spacing.
 Do not rely so much in the similarity or
difference of the capital letters, for
these are the often changed according
to the whim of the writer.
93
 Carelessness
 Spontaneity
 Alteration of thick and thin stroke
 Speed
 Simplication
 Upright letters are intersperse with slanting letters
 The upward strokes to a threadlike tracing
 Rhythm
 Good line quality
 Variation

94
 Tremulous and broken connecting strokes between
letters, indicating point at which the writer has
temporary stuck.
 No rhythm
 Carefulness or unusual care and deliberation
 No contrast between upward and downward stroke.
 Slow writing, angular writing
 Blunt beginning and ending
 Placement of diacritic marks just over the stem of
letters
 Absence of spontaneity-lack of smoothness of letters.
 Restrained writing (lack of freedom)- it is made with
difficulty
 No variation
95
 FORGERY,
COUNTERFEITING &
FALSIFICATION

96
97
 COUNTERFEITING – it is the crime of making,
circulating or uttering false coins and
banknotes.
 FALSIFICATION – the act/process of making
the content/s of a document not the intended
content.
 FORGERY – the act of falsely making or
materially altering, with intent to defraud, any
writing which if genuine, might be of legal
efficacy or the foundation of legal liability.

99
 ENGRAVING – It is the process by which
the line to be printed are cut into
pieces of metal by hand or with a
machine. Ink is rubbed over the plate
to fill the cuts in the metal and the
extra ink wiped-off the top. The
engraving process is used for the
production of all genuine bank notes.

100
 LETTERPRESS PRINTING – is the most
common form of printing books,
magazine, letterheads and the usual
printing in common uses. In the
process, the letters are made on
raised pieces of metal which covered
with ink and then impressed upon the
paper in the same form as a rubber
stamp or cliché. The serial numbers
of a bank note are usually added by
this letterpress process after the note
has been produced by an engraving.

101
 OFFSET PRINTING – is the method a
photograph is taken of the desire
material and a print is made on a
specially prepared aluminum plate.
The plate is kept wet with water.
When ink is applied, it sticks only
these parts of the plate where
printing is desired. The Aluminum
plate is then put in contact with
rubber roller which transfer the ink to
the papers.
 It is the most common modern used by
counterfeiter to make false paper money.

102
 Government buy the very best grade of
paper they can get, in order that the
paper will last as long as possible.
Special paper also makes it difficult for
the counterfeiter to duplicate it. It is
usually the use of wrong paper that
causes the counterfeited bank note to
be detected by ultraviolet lamp.

103
 In most modern printing, papers have
chemicals added to make look writer.
These chemicals cause brilliant
fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
Bank notes does not have this filler and
does not show.

104
MAIN PRINT (Genuine)
 Distinctive Feel & embossed effect
 The fingers will readily feel the main print
on the front & back on fairly new notes.
This is due to the measurable thickness of
the ink deposited on the paper which gives
the prints an embossed effect.

105
MAIN PRINT (COUNTERFEIT)
Generally Smooth
1. The fingers will hardly feel the main prints
of the front & back on new notes.
2. This is brought about by offset print, the
most common process employed by
counterfeiters.
3. The prints are mere stains on the coating of
the sensitized paper which is glossy.

106
PORTRAIT (Genuine)
1. Appears life-like
2. The eyes sparkle
3. The tiny dots and lines (vignette) forming the
details of the face, hair, etc. are clear, sharp and
precise.
4. Each portrait stands out distinctly from the
background. This is noticeable along the shoulders.
5. The background is composed of multi-colored fine
pattern of lines in varying tones and shades
interlacing with each other.

107
 PORTRAIT (COUNTERFEIT)
1. It appears dead.
2. The eyes do not sparkle.
3. It appears blurred, dull, smudgy and poorly
printed.
4. Hair is lifeless.
5. The face and/or forehead are often naturally
white or pale due to absence of most of the
details.
6. The concentric lines depicting the eyes often
merged into solid printed areas.
7. The background often blends with the portrait.
8. The lines are thick with rough edges.
9. The multi-colored prints on genuine notes are
extremely difficult to duplicate and as a result,
counterfeit notes are usually off-color and not
at the right shade.

108
 The watermark underneath the security
lacework on the right hand side of the note is
the same on the colored portrait.
 The design is placed by means of dandy roll
during the manufacture of the paper.
 Sharp details of the outline or the right light
& shadow effect are discernible when viewed
with the aid of transmitted light.
 The relief of the features can be felt by
running the finger on the design.

109
 This is imitated by printing white ink or dry
block on the finished paper.
 Sometimes wax or other oily medium is
stamped to give transparency to the portion
where the designing appears.
 Printed outline is placed on the inner sheet
where merely a paper cutout is placed inside.
As a result course or harsh and occasional
irregular lines & sometimes opaque areas are
very obvious.
110
 This is a special thread placed vertically
on the paper during manufacture.
 On the surface of the paper where this
thread is located are patterns of short
vertical lines.

111
 Counterfeit by means of printing on
the back of the note, on the inner side
of the paper, insertion of twin thread
or simply folding the note vertically
where the thread appears on the
genuine bill.

112
 These fibers are scattered on the
surface of the paper (front & back) at
random & can be readily picked off by
means of any pointed instrument.
 The colors of these fibers are red and
blue.

113
 On counterfeit, this is simulated by
printed lines, can not be picked off, but
can be easily erased with ordinary
rubber or by agitating with wet fingers.

114
 The geometric pattern which looks like
a delicate lacework along the border on
both surfaces, embellishing the
portraits, value panel & vignettes are
multicolored & composed of sharp lines
which are continuous & traceable even
at the joints.

115
 On counterfeit, these geometric
patterns are often blurred, round on the
edges & blotch on the joints. Its
continuity could not be trace. The color
appears faded.

116
 Genuine notes have polychrome
background with one predominant color
for each denomination.

117
PhP Blue Jose Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes
1,000 Escoda, Vicente Lim
500 Yellow Benigno S. Aquino
200 Green Macapagal
100 Mauve Manuel A. Roxas
50 Red Sergio Osmenia
20 Orange Manuel Quezon
10 Brown Apolinario Mabini & Andres
Bonifacio
118
 The prefix letter and numbers (six of
them except on replacement note) are
clearly printed.
 The have peculiar style & are uniform
in size & thickness
 Spacing of the numbers is uniform &
alignment

119
 On counterfeit, the letters & numbers
are poorly printed. They are usually of
different style.
 Most often, they are evenly spaced &
poorly aligned.
 The numbers are too big or too small,
too thick or too thin & in certain cases
shaded on the curves.

120
 The lines and dotes composing the
vignettes are fine, distinct & sharp.
 The varying color tone gives a bold look
to the picture that makes it stands out
of the paper.

121
 Usually dull & poorly printed.
 It appears dirty
 The lines are comparatively thicker
with rough edges.
 There is no variation in color tone so
that the picture appears flat.

122
 The registry of the different printed
features is perfect. The lines are very
clear and sharp. There are no burns
clinging to the sides.

123
 PAPER – Feel the paper –the genuine
not is printed on a special kind of paper
which is rough when you run your
fingers through it.
 It does dot glow under the ultra-violet
light.
 During the paper manufacture, the
water marks, security fiber, security
threads and iridescent band are
included.
124
 WATERMARK –examine the
watermarks on the unprinted
portion of the note. The
WATERMARK is the silhouette of the
portrait appearing on the face of the
note.
 Sharp details of the light and shadow
effect can be seen when the note is
viewed against the light.
 The contours of the features of the
silhouette can be felt by running the finger
over the design on relatively new notes.

125
 SECURITY FIBERS – Inspect the security
fibers – Embedded red and blue visible
fibers are scattered at random on both
surfaces of a genuine note and can be
readily picked off by means of any
pointed instrument.
 EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD – View
the embedded security thread – the
embedded security thread is a special
thread vertically implanted off center of
the note during paper manufacture. This
can easily be seen when the note is
viewed against the light. It appears as a
broken line for 5, 10 and 20 and straight
line for 50, 100, 500 and 1000.
126
 WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD –
View the windowed security
thread on the improved version
of 100, 500 and 1000 peso note
and the new 200 peso note. The
Windowed Security Thread is a
narrow security thread vertically
located like “stitches” at the face of
the note with a clear text of the
numerical value in repeated
sequence.
127
 IRIDESCENT BAND – Look for the
iridescent band on the improved
portion of 100, 500 and 1000
peso notes and the new 200 peso
note. A wide glistening gold vertical
stripe with the numerical value
printed in series.
 PORTRAIT – appears life-like. The
eyes “sparkle”. Shading is formed by
the fine lines that give the portrait a
characteristic facial expression which
is extremely difficult to replicate.

128
 SERIAL NUMBER – Composed of 1 or 2
prefix letters and 6 or 7 digits. The
letters and numerals are uniform in
size and thickness, evenly spaced and
well-aligned. They glow under ultra-
violet light.
 BACKGROUND/LACEWORK DESIGN –
the background designs are made up
of multicolored and well-defined lines.
The lacework designs are composed
of web-crossing line which are
continuous and traceable even at the
intersection.
129
 VIGNETTE – the lines and dashes
composing the vignette are fine,
distinct and sharp; the varying
color gives a vivid look to the
picture that makes it “stand out” of
the paper.
 VALUE PANEL – Check the
numerals found at the four corners
of the front and back of the note.
The numerals denote the
denomination of the note.
130
 FLOURESCENT PRINTING – Look for
the presence of the fluorescent
print when the note is exposed
under the ultra-violet light.
 MICROPRINTING – Verify under the
lens the presence of the micro
printing on the denominations 50,
100, 200 500 and 1000. Micro
printing are the minute and finely
printed words “ Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas or “Central Bank of the
Philippines” located at the face or
back of the note.

131
 OPTICALLY VARIABLE INK – Check
the optically variable ink on the
1000-peson denomination. It
changes color from green or blue
when the note is held at different
angle.

132
 Federal Reserve Note : with green
treasury seal and serial numbers
 United States Note: with red treasury
seal and serial number.
 Silver Certificate: with blue treasury
seal and serial number

133
134
135
Security Features:
1. (1) embossed prints,
2. (2) serial number,
3. (3) security fibers,
4. (4) watermark,
5. (5) see-through mark,
6. (6) concealed value,
7. (7) security thread

136
 Obverse: President Manuel L. Quezon; Filipino as
National Language (1935); Malacañan Palace; Seal
of the Republic of the Philippines; New BSP Seal
 Reverse: Banaue Rice Terraces (UNESCO World
Heritage Site); Palm Civet (Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus philippinensis), Weave design
from the Cordilleras
 Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints, (2) serial number, (3) security
fibers, (4) watermark, (5) see-through mark, (6)
concealed value, (7) security thread

137
138
Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints,
 (2) serial number,
 (3) security fibers,
 (4) watermark,
 (5) see-through mark,
 (6) concealed value,
 (7) security thread
139
Obverse: President Sergio Osmeña; First National Assembly
1907; Leyte Landing; Seal of the Republic of the Philippines;
and the New BSP Seal
Reverse: Taal Lake; Maliputo (Caranx ignobilis);

embroidery design handcrafted in Batangas province

Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints, (2) serial number, (3) security

fibers, (4) watermark, (5) see-through mark, (6) concealed

value, (7) security thread

140
141
Security Features:
(1) embossed prints,
(2) serial number,
(3) security fibers,
(4) watermark,
(5) see-through mark,
(6) concealed value,
(7) security thread

142
 Obverse: President Manuel A. Roxas; Central
Bank of the Philippines (1949); Inauguration of
the Third Republic (4 July 1946); Seal of the
Republic of the Philippines; and the New BSP
Seal
 Reverse: Mayon Volcano; Whale Shark
(Rhincodon typus); Indigenous textile from the
Bicol Region
 Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints, (2) serial number, (3) security
fibers, (4) watermark, (5) see-through mark, (6)
concealed value, (7) security thread
143
144
 Obverse: President Diosdado P. Macapagal; EDSA
People Power II (January 2001); Independence
House; Barasoain Church; Seal of the Republic of
the Philippines; and the New BSP Seal
 Reverse: Bohol Chocolate Hills; Tarsier (Tarsius
syrichta); handcrafted design from the Visayas in
Central Philippines
 Security Features: (1) embossed prints, (2)
serial number, (3) security fibers, (4) watermark,
(5) see-through mark, (6) concealed value, (7)
security thread

145
146
 Obverse: Icons of Democracy - President
Corazon C. Aquino, Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. ;
EDSA People Power I February 1986; Benigno S.
Aquino, Jr. Monument; Seal of the President;
New BSP Seal
 Reverse: Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site);
Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis),
woven cloth from Southern Philippines
 Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints, (2) serial number, (3) security
fibers, (4) watermark, (5) see-through mark, (6)
concealed value, (7) security thread, (8) optically
variable device
147
148
 Obverse: War Heroes - Josefa Llanes Escoda,
Vicente P. Lim, and Jose Abad Santos;
Centennial of Philippine Independence (1998);
Medal of Honor; Seal of the Republic of the
Philippines; and the New BSP Seal
 Reverse: Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
(UNESCO World Heritage Site); South Sea Pearl
(Pinctada maxima), Tinalak or Ikat-dyed abaca
woven in Mindanao in Southern Philippines
 Security Features:
 (1) embossed prints, (2) serial number, (3) security
fibers, (4) watermark, (5) see-through mark, (6)
concealed value, (7) security thread, (8) optically
variable device, (9)
149
 Each Federal Reserve Note also carries
a regional seal at the left of the portrait
on the face of the bill. This seal is
printed in black and bears the name of
the Federal Reserve Bank of issue.
Numbers and letters representing the
Federal Reserve District in which that
bank note is located.

150
Boston A Chicago G

New York B St. Louis H

Philadelphia C Minneapolis I
Cleveland D Kansas J
Richmond E Dallas K
Atlanta F San Francisco L

151
Washington 1$
Jefferson 2$
Lincoln 5$
Hamilton 10 $
Jackson 20 $
Grant 50 $
Franklin 100$
McKinley 500$
Cleveland 1000$
Madison 5000$ 152
 These are pieces of metal stamped by
government authority, for use as
money or collectively referring to metal
currency.

153
 CASTING – is the most common method
of making gold coins. Plaster molds
bearing an image of gold coins are
filled (within a low temperature) with
alloy made with lead or tin. Some
molds are used for high temperature
metal such as copper or silver alloy.

154
 STRIKING OR STAMPING – is the making
of an impression of a coin or metal
blank by pressure.

155
Genuine coins show an even flow of
metallic grains. The details of the
profile, the seal of the Republic of the
Philippines, letterings & numerals are
of high relief, so that it can be readily
felt distinctly by running the fingers on
these features. The beadings are
regular & the readings are deep &
even.
156
 Counterfeit coins feel greasy &
appear slimy. The beading
composed of tiny round dots
surrounding the genuine coin
appear irregular & elongated
depressions & are not sharp &
prominent as in the genuine. The
letterings & numerals are low &
worn due to the lack of sharpness of
details. The readings are uneven &
show signs of filing.
157
 Coin made of gold was to widely use but are
now often see. Government kept their gold in
the form of heavy bars called bullions and
then issue papers for the value of gold.
 Metal coins issued nowadays are mostly in
amount for less than its face value, In most
countries, the possession of gold coins is now
forbidden except for coin collectors.

158
 The suspected counterfeit coin should
be examined by:
 Magnifying lens
 Comparing it with known coin

159
 Formation of air bubbles
 Removal of small parts of the sole
along with the coin.
 Make it a habit to feel and look at all currency being received so that
the fingers and eyes will become familiar with all the features of
genuine Central Bank Notes and Coins. Compare with a known
genuine currency of the same denomination when a note or cone is
suspicious.

160
 Pursuant to Title four, Chapter One,
Revised Penal Code – Crimes Against
Public Interests)

161
 A coin is false/counterfeited, if it is
forged or if it is not authorized by the
government as legal tender, regardless
of its intrinsic value.
 COUNTERFEITING – means the
imitation of a legal or genuine coin. It
may contain more silver than the
ordinary coin.

162
 IMPORT- means to bring them into port. The
importation is complete before entry at the
Customs House.
 UTTER – means to pass counterfeited coins. It
includes their delivery or the act or giving
them away. The counterfeited coin is uttered
when it is paid, when the offender is caught
counting the counterfeited coins preparatory
to the act of delivering them, even though
the utterer may not obtain the gain.

163
 MUTILATION – means to take off part
of the metal either by filing it or
substituting it for another metal of
inferior quality.
 The coin mutilated must be genuine
and ha snot been withdrawn from
circulation. The coin must be of legal
currency or current coin of the
Philippines. Therefore, if the coin
mutilated is legal tender of a foreign
country, it is not a crime of mutilation
under the Revised Penal Code.

164
 Forging or Falsification of treasury or
bank notes or other documents payable
to bearer.
 Importation of such false or forged
obligations or notes.
 Uttering of such false or forged
obligations or notes in connivance with
the forgers or importers.

165
 Forging is committed by giving to a
treasury bank note or any instrument
payable to bearer or to order the
appearance of a true and genuine
document; and falsification is
committed by erasing, substituting,
counterfeiting, or altering by any
means the figures, letters, words, or
signs contained therein.
166
 Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting,
signature, or rubric.
 Causing it to appear that persons who have
participated in an act or proceeding when
they did not in fact so participate.
 Attributing to persons who have participated
in an act or proceeding statements other
than those in fact made by them.

167
 Making untruthful narration of
facts.
 Altering true dates
 Making any alteration or
intercalation in a genuine
document which changes its
meaning.
168
 There must be an intent to imitate, or
an attempt to imitate, and
 That the two signatures or
handwritings, the genuine and the
forged, bear some resemblance to each
other.

169
 The resemblance must be such
that it is likely to deceive an
ordinary person receiving or
dealing with the document.

170
 The Spanish text of Art. 171 uses
“fingiendo” (for imitation). In feigning,
there is no original signature,
handwriting or rubric that does not
exist. To feign means to represent by a
false appearance; to give a mental
existence to; to imagine.

171
WRITING MATERIALS

172
 ANACHRONISM- It refers to
something wrong in time and in
place. This means that the
forger has trouble matching the
paper, ink, or writing materials
to the exact date it was
supposed to have been written.
173
 PAPER – these are sheets of
interlaced fibers – usually cellulose
fibers from plants, but sometimes
from cloth rags or other fibrous
materials, that is formed by pulping
the fibers and causing to felt, or
mat, to forma solid surface.
 WATERMARK – certain papers are
marked with a translucent design, a
watermark impressed in them during
the course of their manufacture.

174
 WRITING MATERIALS – Any
material used primarily for writing
or recording such as papers,
cardboard, board papers, Moroco
paper.

175
 One of the subject of inquiry in
questioned documents is the writing
material used. The common (probable)
questioned on paper is its age, whether
the actual age of the paper
corresponds with the alleged date of
preparation of questioned document.

176
 To fully understand the principles of
tracing the age of the writing materials
used in questioned documents, it is
imperative for a questioned documents
examiner to be aware of the evolution
and development of papers. When
such paper was first introduced or
used, physical changes on papers and
the importance of watermarks, are
some of the valuable things that an
investigator should know to come up
with a more conclusive opinion.

177
 The evolution of writing materials
culminated in the development of
paper. The oldest written records still
surviving are the Sumerian Clay Tablets
dating back from the 4th millennium
B.C.

178
 This came into use about 3,500 B.C.-
people of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and
Southern Europe used the Pith (soft
spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge
(grass-like herb) CYPERUS PAPYRUS to
make a writing material known as
PAPYRUS.

179
 Writing material made from skin of
animals primarily of sheep, calves or
goats-was probably developed in the
Middle East more or less
contemporaneously with papyrus. It
came into wide use only in the 2nd
Century B.C. in the City of PERGAMUM
in Anatolia.

180
 Writing materials from fine skins from
young calves or kids and the term was
often used for all kind of parchment
manuscripts, it became the most
important writing material for
bookmaking, while parchment
continued for special manuscripts.

181
 It is widely claimed that invention of
paper is generally attributed to a
Chinese court official, CAI LUN (TSAI
LUN), in about A.D. 105. He is the first
to succeed in making paper from
vegetable fibers, tree barks (mulberry
tree), rags, old fish nettings.

182
 The art of papermaking was kept
secret for 500 years; the Japanese
acquired it in the 7th Century A.D.
 In A.D. 751, the Arab city of
Samarkand was attacked by
marauding Chinese and some Chinese
taken as prisoners were skilled in
papermaking and were forced by the
City Governor to build and operate a
paper mill and Samarkand soon
become the papermaking center of
the Arab world.

183
 Knowledge of the paper making
traveled westward, spreading
throughout the Middle East, the
Moorish invasion of Spain led to the
invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of
the first European paper mill, at
JAVITA, province of VALENCIA.
 Knowledge of technology spread
quickly and by 16th century, paper
was manufactured throughout most
of Europe.
184
 The first paper mill in England was
established in 1495.
 The first such mill in America in
1690.
 Te first practical machine was
made in 1798 by the French
inventor Nicholas Louis Robert. The
machine reduced the cost of paper
it supplants the hand-molding
process in paper manufacture.

185
 Robert’s machine was improved by
the British stationers and brothers
Henry Fourdrinier and Sealy
Fourdrinier, who in 1803 produced the
first of the machined that bear their
name.
 The solution of the problem of making
paper from cheap raw material was
achieved by the introduction of the
ground powder process of pulp
making about 1840 and the first of
the chemical pulp process
approximately ten years later.
186
 The Chlorine was introduced in the 19th
century for bleaching and colored linen
could already be manufactured for paper.
 ESPARTO – this is a grass grown in Libya,
also in Spain and north Africa was first
introduced in England in 1861.
 STRAW – this was used to make paper in
1800.
 SULPHITE – this is a paper from wood was
not attempted until 1869 and paper
called SULPHITE (modern type) was first
used between 1880 and 1890.

187
 Letters dated A.D.874 have been
found in Egypt and the Oldest
manuscript in England on cotton
paper dated A.D. 1890.

188
 The age of the document may be
estimated from paper. Four cases were
reported by Lucas where the age of the
document was established from the
compositor/composition of the paper. In
one of these cases, a document dated
1213 A.H. was found to be written on
paper composed entirely of chemically
prepared wood cellulose,

189
 It is a term for a figure or design incorporated
into paper during its manufacture and
appearing lighter than the rest of the sheet
when viewed in transmitted light.
 The earliest way of identifying the date of
manufacture of the paper is by the
WATERMARK- a brand put on the paper by
the manufacturer.

190
 The water mark was made when the
semi-fluid paper pulp (mixture of cotton
or other fibers) was being drained on a
grid of laid (warp) and chain (woof)
wires. Fine wires forming the desired
deign were tied on top of the grid and
impressed into the pulp. This
impression made the paper thinner,
and therefore, more transparent, where
it appeared.
191
 Watermarks first appeared on papers
produced in ITALY around 1270, less than 100
years after the art of papermaking was
introduced to Europe by Muslims from the
Middle East. Early in the 19th Century, Paper
marks began to solder the watermark wires
to the grid fame, thus insuring uniformity of
impression and aiding in the detection of
counterfeiting and forgery. The first British
postage stamps of 1840 bore a watermark,
but stamps of the United States were not so
marked until 1895.

192
 When paper began to be machine-
made, the watermark wiring was
simply transferred to the grid
cover of the dandy roll, a turning
cylinder that passed over the
paper.

193
 Sometimes a LIMIT may be placed to the age
of the document by means of watermark, the
earliest known dating from 1282.
Unfortunately, however, not all papers
contain watermarks.
 It is impressed into the paper by wires on the
rollers called “DANDY ROLL” that make the
paper, and these designs are changed from
time to time.

194
 Usually watermarks are requested
by their owners/manufacturers
with the patent office.
 If present, watermark is one of the
mostly reliable means of tracing
the age of the paper. However, the
questioned documents examiner’s
finding is limited only to the
APPROXIMATE DATE (Year) of the
paper manufacturer.

195
 In the FBI, this is done by checking
the reference file of the laboratory.
Once the manufacturer is
determined, then consideration is
given to changes in design and
defects of individual design.
 Obviously, document is fraud if it
contains a watermark which was not
in existence at the time the
document purports to have been
executed.
196
 one way of tracing the age of the paper is
through the observance of the changes in its
physical characteristics particularly
DISCOLORATION.
 Naturally, a paper will discolor after a
passage of time due to numerous
environmental factors such as moisture,
temperature, dust, etc.
 A RUG-SHIP QUALITY papers, they are very
old before discoloration starts.
197
 Discoloration is highly influenced by storage
of the papers or documents and conditions
like the following:
 Due to process of oxidation brought about by
natural means.
 Brown spots due to mold that are very obvious
characteristics both in appearance and
distribution.
 Exposure to dust and dirt.
 Occasional staining of fruit juice, grease.
 Excrete of rats, mice and other insects.
 May also due to heat, partial burning, etc.

198
WRITING INSTRUMENTS

199
 FLEXIBILITY OF PEN POINT – one quality
of the nib pen is its pliability. This
quality varies which different pens and
can be measured by the amount of
pressure necessary to cause a
spreading of the nibs or a given degree
of shading.

200
 FOUNTAIN PEN –a fountain pen is a
modern nib which contains a reservoir
of ink in a specially designed chamber.
After complete filling a pen is capable of
writing a number of pages without
refilling.
 INK – a fluid or viscous marking material
used for writing or printing.
 PEN – a tool for writing or drawing with
a colored fluid, such as ink; or a writing
instrument used to apply inks to the
paper is a pen. It came from the Latin
word “PENNIA” meaning Feather.

201
 PEN NIBS – the tow divisions or
points which from the writing
portion of a pen are its nibs.
 QUILL PENS – It is a hollow, horny
part of large feather usually from
goose and was used for writing on
parchment.

202
 REED PENS/SWAMP REED
 It came from especially selected water grasses
found in Egypt, Armenia and along the shores of
the Persian Gulf, were prepared by leaving them
under dung heaps for several months.
 It was the first writing tool that has the writing
end slightly frayed like a brush. About 2,000 years
B.C., this reed pen was first used in NEAR EAST on
papyrus and later on parchment.

203
 QUILL PEN
 As the size of writing became smaller, both
writing tools and surfaces changed. Vellum
and parchment books replaced papyrus roll,
and the QUILL replaced the REED PEN.
 Although quill pens can be made from the
outer wing feathers of any bird, those of
goose, swan, crow and turkey, were
preferred.
 The earliest reference (6th century AD) to
quill pens was made by the Spanish
Theologian ST. ISIDORE of SEVILLE, and this
toll was the principal writing implement fro
nearly 1300 years.
204
 STEEL POINT PEN( BRAZEN PENS)
18th Century.
 Paper had replaced vellum as the
chief writing surface, and more
writing was being done for commerce
than for church or crown.
 During this period, attempts were
made to invent a lasting writing tool
that did not require re-cutting.
 Steel was eventually used for
permanent pen points.

205
 Although pens of bronze may have
been known to Romans, the earliest
mention of BRAZEN PENS was in
1465.
 The first patented steel pen point
was made by the English Engineer
BRYAN DONKIN in 1803.
 The leading 19th century English pen
manufacturers were WILLIAM
JOSEPH GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHEL,
and JAMES STEPHEN PERRY.
206
 FOUNTAIN PEN –
 In 1884, LEWIS WATERMAN, a New York
insurance agent patented the first
practical FOUNTAIN PEN containing its
own ink reservoir. Waterman invented a
mechanism that fed ink to the pen
point by capillary action, allowing ink to
flow evenly while writing.
 By the 1920’s, the fountain pen was the
chief writing instrument in the west and
remained so until the introduction of
the ball point pen after WORLD WAR II.

207
 BALL POINT PEN –
 JOHN LOUD, in 1888, patented the first
ball point writing tool. A ball point pen
has its point a small rotating metal ball
that continually inks itself as it turns.
 As early as the 19th century, attempts
had been made to manufacture a pen
with a rolling ball tip, but not until 1938
did Hungarian inventor brothers
LADISLAO and GEORG BIRO invent a
viscous, oil-based ink that could be
used with such a pen. Hence, they are
attributed for the invention of the first
practical ballpoint pen.

208
 Ink formulas were improved for
smoother flow and faster drying,
and soon the ball point replaced
the fountain pen as the universal
writing tool.

209
 FIBER TIP PENS –
 In 1963, fiber tip markers were
introduced into the US market and
have since challenged the ballpoint as
the principal writing implement.
 The first practical fiber tip pen was
invented by YUKIO HORIE of Japan in
1962. It was is ideally suited to the
strokes of Japanese writing which is
traditionally done with a pointed ink
brush.

210
 Indian Inks – the oldest form of Indian ink
consisted of a suspension of carbon black
(soot or lampblack) in water to which glue or
a vegetable gum was added.
 LOG WOOD INK – these inks which were used
extensively about a century ago, have now
because obsolete and are no longer
manufactured. They were made from an
aqueous extract of logwood chips and
potassium chromate. These ink will be found
only on old writings.

211
 IRON GALLOTANATE INK – this ink has
been used as writing for over a thousand
years. Formerly it was made of a
fermented infusion of gall nuts to which
iron salts were added. The ink was
composed of suspension of black, almost
insoluble ferric tannate.
 FOUNTAIN PEN INKS – these inks were
regarded as special fountain pen links,
and consisting of ordinary iron
gallotannate inks with a lower iron
content in most cases but with a higher
dyestuff permanent. This type of inkk is
placed on the market under the name of
“blue-black permanent”.
212
 DYESTUFF INKS – these inks are
composed of aqueous solutions of
synthetic dyestuffs, to which a
preservative and a flux are added.
 WATER RESISTANT WRITING AND
DRAWING INK – these inks are special
group of dyestuff inks. They consist
of pigment paste and a solution of
shellac made soluble in water by
means of borax, liquid consists of a
pigment paste and a solution of
shellac made
213
 ALKALINE WRITING INKS – these are
quick drying inks which possess a ph of
from 9 to about 11. They penetrate
quickly through the size of the paper
allowing the ink to penetrate quickly
into the paper.
 BALL POINT INK
 STAMP PAD INKS
 HECTOGRAPH INKS
 TYPE WRITTER RIBBON INK
 ORINTING INKS
 CANCELLING INK
 SKRIP INK
214
 CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYTICAL METHOD
–
 This is restricted to a comparison of the
dyestuff in the ink but sometimes it is also
possible to identify one or more of the
components of the dyes.
 It is regarded as the principal method of ink
examination.
 The chromatographic separation of the dyes
maybe carried out by paper chromatography.
215
 TYPEWRITER &
TYPEWRITING
IDENTIFICATION

216
 TYPEWRITER – a writing machine with a
keyboard for reproducing letters,
figures, symbols and other resembling
printed ones.
 ALIGNMENT DEFECTS– include
characters which write improperly in
the following respects.
 A twisted letter, horizontal mal-alignment,
vertical mal-alignment etc.
217
 CHARACTER - it is used to include
letters, symbols, numerals, or points of
punctuation.
 CLOGGED (DIRTY) TYPEFACES – with use
the type faces becomes filled with lint,
dirty and ink, particularly in enclosed
letters such as o, e, p, and g.
 DEFECTS – the term defect describes
any abnormality or maladjustment in a
typewriter which is reflected in its works
and which leads to its individualization
or identification.

218
 NATURAL VARIATIONS – these are normal
or usual deviations found between
repeated specimens of any individuals
handwriting or in the product of any
typewriters.
 OFF ITS FEET – the condition of a typeface
printing heavier on one side or corner
than over the remainder of its outline.
 PERMANENT DEFECT – any identifying
characteristics of a type-writer which
cannot be corrected by simply cleaning
the type face or replacing the ribbon is
classified as a permanent defect.

219
 PLATEN – the cylinder which serve as
the backing of the paper and which
absorbs the blow on the type face.
 PROPORTIONAL SPACING
TYPEWRITING – a modern form of
typewriting which resembles printing
in that all of the horizontal space as
they do with the conventional
typewriter. For example, the “I”
occupies two units. The “O”-three.

220
 REBOUND – a defect in which a
character prints a double impression
with the lighter one slightly offset to
the right or to the left.
 RIBBON IMPRESSIONS – typewriting
which is made directly through a
cloth ribbon is called ribbon
impression.
 TRANSITORY DEFECT – Any
identifying typewriter characteristics
which can be eliminated by cleaning
the machine or replacing the ribbon
is described as a transitory defects.

221
 TWISTED LETTER – each letter and
character is designed to print a
certain fixed angle to the base line,
due to wear and damage to the
type bars and the type block, some
letters become twisted so that
they lean to the right or of their
correct slant.
 TYPE FACE – The printing surface of
the type block.
 TYPE FACE DEFECTS – any
peculiarity caused by actual
damage to the type face metal.
222
 Several typewriters like machines were
develop during the latter part of the
17th Century. The first patent, however,
was granted by QUEEN ANNE of
England to HENRY MILL in 1714 for a
machine designed to reproduce a letter
of the alphabet.

223
 1829, WILLIAM AUSTIN BURT of
Detroit, invented the TYPOGRAPHER.
 1833, a French patent was given to the
French inventor XAVIER PROGIN for a
machine that embodied for the first time
one of the principles employed in modern
typewriters.
 1843, American inventor CHARLES
GROVER THURBER invented a typewriter
which prints through a metal ring that
revolved horizontally above the platen
and equipped with a series of vertical
keys.
224
 A similar machine created by the American
inventor Alfred ELY BEACH in 1856,
resembled a modern typewriter in the
arrangement of its keys and type bars, but
embossed its letters on a narrow paper
strip instead of a sheet.
 1856, American Inventor SAMUEL W.
FRANCIS patented a circular arrangement
of type bars, a moving paper holder, a bell
that rang to signal the end of a line, and an
inked ribbon. The keyboard arrangement of
Francis’s machine resembled the black and
white keys of a piano.

225
 1866, the development of the first
practical typewriter by
CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES.
 Six Years later (1874),
CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES
entered an agreement with
ELIPHALET REMINGTON & SONS,
GUNSMITH & SEWING MACHINES
MANUFACTURERES, the company
produced the REMINGTON MODEL
1.
226
 Four Years later, REMINGTON MODEL
II was introduced having both the
lower and the upper case of the
alphabet.
 MARK TWAIN ( Samuel Clemens) was
among the first to buy a typewriter
and the first to submit a typewritten
manuscript to publisher.
 GEORGE BERNARD SHAW recognized
the importance of typewriter when he
became the first playwright to use it
as a stage prop in Candida in 1897.

227
 When TOMAS EDISON visited
Sholes to see his machine, he
forecasted that typewriters would
one day be operated by electricity.
 Soon afterwards, Edison built such
a typewriter. He used a series of
magnet, which made the machine
cumbersome and too expensive to
be marketed.
 The first practical typewriter was
invented in 1914 by JAMES F.
SMATHERS of Kansas City.
228
 1933, the International Business
Machines, Inc. (IBM), introduced the first
commercially successful electric
typewriter to the business world.
 The first basic change in typewriting
operation appeared in 1961. Despite of
the revolutionary advances in typewriting
capabilities, one essential element has
remained unchanged since the first
Remington. The keyboard arrangement,
nicknamed QWERTY for the top line
letters, was designed to make it easier
for salesman to use the machine.
229
 The earliest comment in writing by a
document examiner on typewriting
identification was made by HAGAN in
1894. He wrote that all typewriter
machine even when using the same
kind of type become more or less
peculiar by use as to the work done by
them. This peculiarities positively
connect them with the printing done by
the machine.
230
 This exposition of the principles of
typewriting identification was followed in
1900 by AMES who wrote that the identity
of writing by different operators as well as
that done on different machines can be
done with considerable degree.
 In several articles written between 1901
to 1907, ALBERT S. OSBORNE, the
foremost document examiner of the early
20th Century, defined the principle of
typewriting identification used today. He
called it “ The Landmarks in Typewriting
Identification”.

231
 CONVENTIONAL TYPEWRITERS USING
TYPE BARS
 PICA TYPE – 10 letters/inch
 ELITE TYPE – 12 letters/inch
 6 Letters/inch
 Teletype Machine
 14-16 letters/inch

232
 TYPE FACE DEFECTS – Refers to any
peculiarity of typewriting caused by
actual damage to the typeface metal.
 HORIZONTAL MAL-ALIGNMENT – a
deficiency in alignment in which the
character prints to the right or left of its
proper position.

233
 VERTICAL MAL-ALIGNMENT – a defect
in alignment in which the character
prints below or above its proper
position.
 TWISTED LETTER – each character and
letter is designed to print at a certain
fixed angle to the baseline. Due to
damage and wear to the type bars and
type block some letters are distorted
so that they lean to the left or print of
their correct slant.
 OFF ITS FEET – the condition of type
face printing heavier on one corner or
side over the remainder of its outline.
234
 REBOUND – is a defect in which a
character prints a double impression with
the lighter one slightly offset to the left or
right.
 CLOGGED TYPE FACE – Otherwise referred
to as dirty typeface characterized by
unclean prints due to constant use of the
typewriter without cleaning the typeface.
 ACTUAL BREAKAGE – any peculiarity of
typewriting caused by actual damage of
the typeface metal resulting to breakage
in the line of letters.

235
 PERMANENT DEFECT – refers to any
identifying attribute of a typewriter
which cannot be corrected by
simply cleaning the typeface or
replacing the ribbon.
 TRANSITORY DEFECT – refers to an
identifying typewriter
characteristics which can be
eliminated by replacing the ribbon
or cleaning the machine.
236
CHAPTER 10

237
 There has been an increase in the
use of printing for committing
document-related crimes such as
defamatory, libelous, anonymous
letters, spurious certificates,
falsified money orders, driver’s
licenses, diplomas, labels, stamps,
passports, PRC licenses, etc. Even
books are printed illegally.

238
 RELIEF PRINTING (LETTERPRESS)
 In this method of printing, the image
characters are raised above the level of
the non-printing areas. The ink is applied
to a raised surface which in turn is applied
to paper.
 The letterpress process is the oldest of all
printing procedures. It prints with cleaners
and sharper letters.

239