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Lecture 03 (SEE-503) EE

Water pollution and its remedies

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11 views

Lecture 03 (SEE-503) EE

Water pollution and its remedies

Uploaded by

pakimranshaukat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Environmental Engineering

3(2-1)
SEE-503

Lecture # 03

Imran Shaukat
Structures and Environmental Engineering
University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 1


Outline
Introduction

 Monitoring of Water Quality/Pollution


 Mass Balance or Mass Flow Analysis (MFA) as
Environmental System Analysis Tool

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 2


What is Monitoring ?
 Water quality monitoring is the programmed process of
sampling, measurement and subsequent recording or
signaling or both, of various water characteristics, often
with the aim of assessing conformity to specific
objectives. OR
 Monitoring is systematic observation in order to draw
inferences (prediction) about an experiment or
phenomena for which it is designed.
 Surveys: short term, specific purpose
 Surveillance: repeated surveys (continuous), lacks standards,
change detection
 Monitoring: long term, considers standards, quality status and
trends
Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 3
Monitoring Program?
 When to observe?

 What to measure?

 Where to sample?

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 4


Monitoring Strategy
 Aim: Cost minimization, sustenance of quality and detail
of information.
 Scoping and designing of water quality monitoring
program must be based on a clear understanding

 Relevant background information of the riverine system


 Monitoring objective(s)
 Desired outcomes
 Appropriate methods
 The dynamics and characteristics of the water system

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 5


Eight Steps towards a Water Quality Monitoring
Program

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 6


Step-1: Setting Objectives
 Identification of the mass flow of contaminants in surface
waters and effluents.

 Identification of the status and trends in water quality, both


in terms of concentrations and effects.

 Identification of the nature and magnitude of the pollution


control required.

 Evaluation of the effectiveness of pollution control of


effluent discharge.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 7


Step-2: Assessment of Resources
 Sampling Equipment
 Transport for Sampling
 Lab facilities
 Trained Manpower
 Chemicals and Glassware
 Funds

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 8


Step-3: Identification of Monitoring Stations
 Types of Monitoring Stations
 Baseline station
 Flux station
 Trend station

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 9


Step-3: Identification of Monitoring Stations
 Types of Monitoring Stations
 Impact station

 Criteria for selecting sites


Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 10
Step-3: Identification of Monitoring Stations
Approach to Select a Monitoring Station
 Reconnaissance survey
 Location map
 Background information of the water body

 Human activities around the water body, such as mass bathing,


melon farming, cattle wading etc.

 Identification of potential polluting sources


 Water abstraction—quality and uses

 Water flow regulation—schedule, quality etc.


 Usage pattern

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 11


Reconnaissance survey

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 12


Step-3: Identification of Monitoring Stations
Approach to Select a Monitoring Station
 Mixing Zone and Depth

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 13


Step-3: Identification of Monitoring Stations
Approach to Select a Monitoring Station
 Mixing Zone and Depth

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 14


Step-4: Water Quality Parameters
 Parameters of Water Quality

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 15


Step-5: Sampling Frequency

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 16


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Checklist for field visit

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 17


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Sampling guidelines
 Rinse the sample container three times with the sample before it is
filled.

 Leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of sample at


the time of analysis.

 Label the sample container properly


 Complete the sample identification form for each sample.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 18


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Surface-water sampling
 Samples should be collected with a weighed bottle or DO sampler
from a well-mixed section of the river 30 cm below the water
surface.

 Samples from reservoir sites should be collected from the


outgoing canal, power channel or water intake structure.

 When there is no discharge into the canal, samples should be


collected at the exit point of the reservoir itself.

 DO is determined in a sample collected in a bottle specialized for


this purpose using a DO sampler. The DO in the sample must be
fixed immediately after collection, using chemical reagents.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 19


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Groundwater sampling
 Open dug wells in use for domestic or irrigation water
supply,

 Tube wells fitted with a hand pump or a power-driven pump


for domestic water supply or irrigation

 Piezometers, purpose-built for recording of water level and


water quality monitoring.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 20


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Groundwater sampling
 Abandoned wells will not be considered as water quality
monitoring station.

 Sample from an open well about 30 cm below the surface of


the water. Do not use a plastic bucket, which is likely to skim
the surface layer only.

 Samples from the production tube wells will be collected


after running the well for about 5 minutes.

 Non-production piezometers should be purged using a


submersible pump.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 21


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Groundwater sampling
 The purged water volume should equal 4 to 5 times the
standing water volume, before sample is collected.

 For bacteriological samples, when collected from


tubewells/hand pump, the spout/outlet of the pump should
be sterilized under flame by spirit lamp before collection of
sample in container.

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 22


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Sample Labeling
 Information on the sample container or the tag should
include:
 Sample code number (identifying location)
 Date and time of sampling

 Source and type of sample


 Pre-treatment or preservation carried out on the sample

 Any special notes for the analyst


 Sampler’s name

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 23


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Sample Container, Preservation and Transportation

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 24


Step-6: Sampling Program and Field Activities
 Sample Container, Preservation and Transportation

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 25


Step-7: Laboratory
Work and Analysis
 Personal Register
 Lab Analysis

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 26


Step-8: Data Management
 Data management has the following steps (also see
Figure 8: Data management flowchart):
 Data storage
 Data validation
 Statistical analysis
 Data interpretation

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 27


Thank you!

Tuesday, September 12, 2022 Lecture 03 28

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