Env Pollution-Rb
Env Pollution-Rb
Commercial
Agricultural
Industrial
Transportatio
n related
Natural sources
Natural pollutant emissions vary from
one location to another, with
seasonal, geological and
meteorological conditions and with
the type of vegetation
eg. Volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
dust storms etc.
Domestic Sources
In residential areas, domestic activities
are the major causes of pollutant
emissions.
Activity Pollutants released
Space heating CO, CO2, NOx, Sox, soot, smoke (if fossil fuels are burned
at the residence)
Cooking Fats ( as solids, liquids, and vapors), particles, odors
Cleaning Solvent vapors, dust, lint, spray can propellants
Gardening Pesticides, fertilizers (some of which may be highly toxic)
Painting Principally solvent vapors
Washing Detergent particles, soap particles, lint
Commercial Sources
• commercial sources of air pollution
include the public services industries
eg.,dry cleaning of clothes.
• Other include restaurants, hotels,
schools, printing and painting.
Agricultural Sources
• animal feed operations
• Cotton particles during
harvesting and processing in
sufficient quantities
• Pesticides and insecticides
Industrial sources
A few of the polluting industries are
• Fertilizer and explosive
manufactures (produces NOx)
• Paper plants, natural gas cleaning
and processing plants, oil refineries,
synthetic fibers plant ( Hydrogen
sulfide)
• Cast iron and other
metallurgical processes
( CO)
• Industries related to petroleum and
Transportation related
sources
• Except agriculture the
transportation sector releases one
third of the total emissions of VOCs,
nitrogen oxides, and lead and more
two thirds of the carbon monoxide.
Sources of air pollution
Important Air Pollution Sources and
emisions
Category Examples Important Pollutants
Metallurgical plants Aluminium refineries, steel plants Metal fumes ( Lead and Zinc)
flourides and particulates.
Particulate---lead, SPM,
RSPM, Pollen, dust, fly ash
etc.
Photochemical smog
Nitroge
Nitri Atomi Ozon
Emissio dioxid
n
c c e
ns e
oxid oxyge (O3)
(NO2)
e n (O)
(NO)
OH- O2 N O2 NO
O
RH RO2-
emission R-
RO- HO2-
s
Stratosphere
10-
Heigh 20km
t
Tropospher
e
Temperature
E
I
G
TEMPERATUR
E
Environmental Lapse Rate
T
Top
Inversio
n layer
Base
TEMPERATURE
water Agricultura
Most important l sources
characteristics BOD,
COD,DO, metals
Fertilizers, pesticides,
2.Industrial waste water
Inorganic Organic fungicides
Different Carbohyd Substances like DDT gives
metals, rate, rise to biomagnification
Flourides, proteins,
sulphates, oils, fats,
Cyanide, oxides of phenols,
iron, mercury,acid, organic
alkali etc acids etc.
A few industrial sources of water
pollution
Effect on the aquatic
•
system
The oxygen demand in waste consumes Do from water and
it may bring it down to a value less than 4ppm which is
threshold value for the survival of fish and other aquatic
life. Reduced DO also eliminate the sensitive species like
plankton, molusc and fish while annelid worm and some
insect larvae are tolerant to low DO content.
• The DO of the water depends upon the temperature of
water
• Heavy metals and high temperature also affects the
organisms
• Eutrophication algal bloom
Effects on human
•
health
The waste water or sewage contains pathogens
which when consumed causes jaundice, cholera,
typhoid, amoebiosis etc.
• Heavy metals can cause serious health problems. Murcuric
compounds are converted by bacterial actions into methyl
mercury which causes numbness of limbs, lips and tongue,
blurring of vision and metal derangement
• Minimata desease was caused in 1952 in Japan due to
consumption of mercury
• Cadmium can cause itai itai disease which is a painful
disease of bones and joints, cancer of lungs and liver.
• lead causes anaemia, headache, loss of muscle power
and bluish line around gums
Excess nitrate (ground water) may be fatal for infants.
It causes Methaemoglobinemia or blue baby disease
Haemoglobin + methaemoglobin
nitrate Flouride Causes teeth deformaty hardening of
bones and Skeletal florosis
Contr
oltreated before discharging into
1.Sewage should be suitably
the water body
Conventional waste treatment
Primar Secondary Tertiary
y Biological Polishing
treatment ponds
Screen
ASP Nutrient
Grit
Trickling filter removal
Chamber
Oxydation Disinfection
Settling
pond
Oxydation
ditch Aerated
Lagoon UASB
and
Sludge
Thickening and
treatment
Soil /land Pollution
• The top soil gets polluted by the addition of the substances to the soil
which adversely affect physical, chemical and biological properties of
soil and reduces its productivity
• The process of soil production is very slow and hence the soil can be
considered as non-renewable resource.
• Soil pollution may occur by dumping and disposing the waste
directly on land, application of agrochemicals or indirectly through
air pollution.
• Main soil pollutants are
• Industrial waste
• Pesticides
• Fertilizers and manures
• Discarded waste
• Solid and semi solid
• Radioactive sources
• And other polluting materials entering indirectly
Effect
• Salination of the soil
• The soil may become infertile
• The pollutants may leach down with the rain water
polluting the ground water
Control
• Manage the solid waste properly
• pipes should be laid for
collecting and disposing
waste
• Industrial waste should be
dumped in special pits
• Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
used may be reduced---
biofertilizer, biopesticides