Environmental & Sanitary Engineering

CB 532

Lecture 3

Filtration

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

River Nile
Intake Domestic
Commercial
L.L.P Industrial
Chemicals
Mixing

Water Network
Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration E.T

Ground
Bac Disinfection reservoir
H.L.P
2
k
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Bac
k
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Design Discharge Standby ratio

Unit
(excess units)
Intake Qmax Mounth + 10%
Low Lifting Pump Qmax Mounth + 10% 50%
(L.L.P.)
Distribution shaft Qmax Mounth + 10%
Flash Mixer Qmax Mounth + 10%
Flocculators Qmax Mounth + 10%
Sedimentation Tanks Qmax Mounth + 10%
(Clarifiers)
Slow Sand Filters Qmax Mounth
Rapid Sand Filters Qmax Mounth + 7%
High Lifting Pump Qmax daily 50%
Bac
k (H.L.P.)
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration

I Purpose of Filtration
ACTIONS
1. Eliminate remaining colloidal matter  Mech. Straining
2. Eliminate Bacteria  Sedimentation
3. Eliminate algae  Biological
4. Eliminate taste, odor, color  Adsorption
5. Eliminate iron and magnesium  Electrolytic

Flow
Chart
Layo
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 5
ut
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration Treatment Actions Filtration

1.Mech. Straining
 Suspended particles that are larger

than the voids within the sand layer

get arrested
2. Sedimentation
The voids between sand grains of filter act more or less like small
sedimentation tanks. The particles of impurities, arrested in these
voids, adhere to particles of sand grains, mainly for the following
two reasons:
• Due to the presence of a gelatinous film or coating developed on
sand grains by previously caught bacteria and colloidal matter.
and
• Due to the physical attraction between the two particles of
matter. Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 6
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration Treatment Actions Filtration

3. Biological Action
• The growth and life process of the living cells is known as
biological metabolism and the action of filter is explained on the
basis of biological metabolism.
• When bacteria are caught in the voids of sand grains, a large film
of bacteria is formed around the sand grains.
• The bacteria feed on the organic impurities contained in water.
• They convert such impurities into harmless compounds by the
complex biochemical reactions
Flow
Chart
Layo
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 7
ut
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration Treatment Actions Filtration

4. Adsorption Action

It is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules

present in water to a surface

 Electrolytic

The action of filter is also explained by the ionic theory. Hence,

when particles of suspended and dissolved matter containing

Flow electricity of opposite polarity come into contact with sand

Chart grains, they settle down.
Layo
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 8
ut
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration
II Types of Filtration

Pressure Filters Gravity Filter

Slow Sand Rapid Sand

Filter Filter
S.S.F R.S.F

Well water Small WTP

plants (2000-3000) Large WTP
(smallest) m3/d
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 9
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Types of Filtration Filtration

Item S.S.F R.S.F Pres. Filter

1- Rate of filteration 3–5 120 - 180 Up to 300

m3/m2/d m3/m2/d m3/m2/d

2- Removal Efficiency 98 – 99 % 95 – 96 % 92 %

3- Area Largest Smaller Smallest

Every 2-3
Washing
months
4- Technique of From
remove
Cleaning Bottom to
the 1st 20-
top
30 cm
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 10
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

1- Pressure Filters
• They consists of a round container Filtration
with filter materials.
• Water is pressed through
the filters under pressure.
• With the help of bacteria
the filter removes the dirt particles
from the water.

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 11

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

2- Slow Sand Filters Filtration

• The slow sand filter is the large-scale filter.
• It is a very old type of filtration system.
• In the slow sand filter, water entering first through about 50 -150cm of
sand, then through a multi size layer of gravel
• This layer is known as schmutzdecke, which is a German word for
“dirty skin.”) before entering the under-drain.
• The multi sized layer (schmutzdecke)
break down and removes organic
particles from the water through the
mechanism of biological action,
adsorption and straining methods.
The void space between the sand
particles act as a sedimentation basin
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 12
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration

Carbon Layer to
remove odor

Typical Filter Layers Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 13

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

2- Slow Sand Filters

Filtration
Characteristics of S.S.F
1.Very reliable which do not usually require coagulation/flocculation
before filtration . This Filtration rate is 3-5 m 3/m2/d
2.Minimum operation and maintenance requirements.
3.Usually does not require chemical pretreatment.
4.Large land area required to construct.
5.Filter is cleaned by removing the top 20-30 cm of sand.
6. Operated with Gravity force.
7. Mechanism of filtration includes Biological
action, straining, and adsorption.
8. Most likely used in small groundwater
systems. Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 14
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration
Influent
Rate controller
(control valve)

Effluent

Slow Sand Filter

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 15
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration

Slow Sand Filter

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 16
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

2- Slow Sand Filters Filtration

Design Criteria
1. Design Discharge QDesign = Qmax.monthly
2. Rate of filtration (R.O.F) : 3-5 m3/m2/d
2. Area per filter : 1000 – 2000 m2
3. L ≤ 50 and B ≤ 50
4. No. of filters (n) ≥ 2
5. Effective size of sand grain : 0.25 - 0.35 mm & Depth:60-120cm
6. Effective size of gravel grain : 1.5 - 2.5 mm & Depth:30-60cm
7. Uniformity Coefficient: 1.7 -2 where U = D60 / D10
(i.e. unifying the size of sand particles used)
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 17
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

3- Rapid Sand Filters Filtration

• RSF must be preceded by coagulation and flocculation processes
since flocculation magnifies the size of the solids (flocs).
• As filtration occurs in the filter media (sand), a gelatinous skin
consists of unsettled flocs and bacteria is formed on the surface
of each sand particle.

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 18

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

3- Rapid Sand Filters Filtration

• The Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) differs from the Slow Sand Filter in a
variety of ways, the most important of which are:
1- Higher filtration rate
2- Ability to clean automatically using backwashing.
3- The mechanism of particle removal also differs. RSF does not use
biological filtration and depends primarily on:
a- Mechanical straining,
b- Sedimentation,
c- Electrolytic action,
d -Adhesion and physical adsorption.
In RSF the complete filtration cycle (filtration and back washing) occurs
successively.
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 19
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

3- Rapid Sand Filter

Filtration

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 20

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration

Rapid Sand Filter Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 21

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Piping system in RSF Filtration

Rapid Sand Filter with a backwash system

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Rapid Sand Filter with a backwash system
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 23
Rapid Sand Filter with a backwash system
Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 24
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

2 Rapid Sand Filters

Design Criteria Filtration
1. Design Discharge QDesign = Qmax.monthly x 1.07
2. Rate of filtration (R.O.F) : 120-180 m3/m2/d
3. Area per filter : 40 – 60 m2
4. B : L = 1:1.25 or 1:2
5. No. of filters (n) ≥ 2
6. Effective size of sand grain : 0.6 – 1.5 mm & Depth:50-70cm
7. Effective size of gravel grain : 1.5 - 2.5 mm & Depth:30-60cm
8. Uniformity Coefficient: 1.35 -1.5
9. Rate of washing: 5-6 times R.O.F
10. Backwashing is done once or twice a Prepared
day depending on head loss
BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 25
 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration
Back washing process
1. Introduce air to allow the sand particles to disintegrate from
each other for 5 min. Introduce air and half the capacity of
water to t increase the efficiency of cleaning the sand particles
for another 5 min
2. Introduce water at full capacity for anther 10 min

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 26

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration
Back washing process

Pepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 27

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration
Factors affecting efficiency of filtration
1. Depth of filter media
2. Grain size of sand
3. Speed of filtration
4. Depth of water above filter media
5. Max. permissible head loss of the filter
6. Process used to wash the sand
7. Preparation of the water to be filtered
8. Type of filter media

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 28

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Comparison between SSF and RSF Filtration

Criteria slow sand filters Rapid sand filters

R.O.F 3-5 m3/m2/d 120-180 m3/m2/d

Mechanism of Through filter media on sand

One sand bed surface only
filtration grains surfaces
Requirement of
Chemical coagulation process is
chemical No requirements
essential before rapid filtration
treatment
Once or twice a day, the sand
Every 2-3 moths operation, the
Cleaning of the grains are washed using
dirty skin and about 10 cm of
filter media compressed air and pressurized
sand layer must be removed
wash water

Rate of washing - 5-6 ROF

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 29

 Units of WTP for Surface
Water Supply Engineering Water

Filtration

A- Design a rapid sand filter to serve a population

of 1 million capita with a WCR of 150 l/c/d. the
required ROF shall be 150 m3/m2/d.

B- Check for ROF if four filters are in the

backwashing phase

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 30

 Criteria Rapid sand filters Slow sand filters
With pre-treated raw water, a filtrate quality is possible With raw water, a filtrate quality is possible that has less
that has less than 1 NTU, 90% removal of coliforms, 50 than 1 NTU, 95% removal of coliforms, 99% removal of
– 90% removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, 75% removal of
Improvement
10% removal of colour, 5% removal of Total Organic colour, 10% removal of Total Organic Content (WEDC,
of water
Content (WEDC, 1999 [ref_02]). As a single process, 1999 [ref_02]). As a single process, slow sand filtration
quality
rapid sand filtration was ranked third most effective of was ranked second most effective of all treatment
all treatment processes, given a range of pathogenic, processes, given a range of pathogenic, chemical and
chemical and aesthetic factors. aesthetic factors.
A flow of between 4 – 21 m/h can be expected from a Flow rates are usually around 0.1 m/h but can increase
Rate of flow rapid sand filter, which is somewhere between 20 and up to 0.4 m/h. Check out Flow Rates for more
50 times faster than the range of slow sand filtration. information.
Rapid sand filters are made using graded sand,
sometimes with an additional coarser layer of material
on top of the sand to increase the flow rate (for Slow sand filters on the other hand, should ideally have
Filter media example, anthracite), in which case they become known an effective size of between 0.15 – 0.35mm, and a
as dual-media filters. The effective size for rapid filters Uniformity Coefficient of between 1.5 – 2,.
is usually greater than 0.55mm with a Uniformity
Coefficient of less than 1.5.
Penetration of suspended matter into the sand bed is Solids only tend to penetrate slow sand filter beds by
Penetration of
deeper for rapid sand filters, which are usually cleaned between 0.5 and 2 cm by comparison, allowing more
solid matter
by backwashing. manual methods to be employed for cleaning.
No pre-treatment is usually necessary for raw waters
with turbidities of less than 50 NTU. Huisman and Wood
Pre-treatment is usually necessary for rapid sand (1974 [ref_03]) suggest that the best filtration occurs
Pre-treatment filtration. Such treatment could include coagulation and when turbidity is less than 10 NTU. Note that
flocculation, followed by sedimentation. coagulation and flocculation are not appropriate pre-
treatments for slow sand filters because floc carryover is
possible, which rapidly blocks the sand bed.

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 31

The Floor is Open for Questions
??????????

Prepared BY: Dr.Ola El Monayeri 32