Internet Concepts

Introduction
 Over the past century and a half,
important technological developments
have created a global environment
that is drawing the people of the
world closer and closer together.

 Currently, we are in the information

Age, where magnifying the
computation power is an essential
Goal.
Computer Network
 LAN
Computer Network
 WAN
Computer Network
 Allow us to generate exchange,
share and manipulate information
in an uncountable number of
ways.
What is the Internet?
 Internet is a specific
interconnected network that
connects computers all over the
world using a common set of
interconnection standards or
protocols.
Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a
network
 When Connect to the Internet requires
special hardware such as:

 Modem – short for modulator /

demodulator - which connects
computers using a standard telephone
line
 Network interface card (NIC) – which
connects computers using a special
type of network cabling.
 Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a
network
 In order to communicate with another
computer over a network, you must do two
things:
1- Use the set of rules governing
communication over the network, called a
protocol. Your computer will generally
handle this.
2- Know the address of the computer you
want to communicate with. There are two
types of network addresses:
– Medium access control ( MAC) address which is
used inside a single network
– Internet protocol (IP) address which is used on
the Internet
 World Wide Web
 The World Wide Web (web for short or www)
is a collection of interlinked multimedia
documents that are stored on the Internet
and accessed using a common protocol
(HTTP).
 So, what is the relation between the
internet and the World Wide Web?
– World Wide Web (WWW) is an Internet based
software application.

 Other Internet applications are:

– Email
– ftp (file transfer protocol)
– Messenger
web server
 is a computer programs that delivers
(serves) content web pages, using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP.

 The term web server can also refer

to a computer connected to the
Internet that contains files their
owners have made available publicly
through their Internet connections.
 Web Client
 When you use your Internet connection
to become part of the Web, your
computer becomes a Web client in a
worldwide network called a client/server
network.

 Web browsers are software that you run

on your computer to make it work as a
Web client
web server
Web servers
 Apache HTTP Server which occupies
(69.01%) of the general use. It is
developed in 1994 by Rob McCool.

 It is Available for free charge.

 It Runs on operating systems

including FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX,
Linux, Microsoft Windows, SCO-UNIX
and Solaris
Web servers
 Microsoft Internet Information Server
(IIS) which occupies (23.26%) of the
general use.

 It comes bundled with Microsoft

Windows Server operating system.

 It runs on Windows 2003 Server and

Windows XP.
Web servers
 Sun Java System Web Server
(JSWS) (former names are Sun
One, iPlanet Enterprise Server
and Netscape Enterprise Server)
(0.86%)
 HTML
 HTML is a standard language used on the
Web to format documents.

 HTML uses codes (tags) to tell the Web

browser software how to display text.

 HTML document is defined as a text file

that contains HTML tags.

 When a Web browser displays an HTML

document, it is referred to as a Web
page.
HTML

 One of the most important features of

html is HTML anchor tag
 create Hypertext links.
 Hypertext links can connect HTML
documents together or can connect one
part of HTML document to another part.
 When hyperlinks connect to Multimedia
files , it is called Hypermedia links.
HTML
HTML
 Having a collection of linked Web
pages with a common theme or
focus is called a website.

 Each website should have a main or

home page to start the web site
from.
Domain Name
Addressing
 Each computer on the Web is given a
unique identification number called
Internet Protocol Address or (IP).

 Remembering IP addresses are hard

to remember
 IP address may also be assigned a
host or domain name.
 Domain Name
Addressing
 Domain name are unique name
associated with specific IP address by a
program that runs on an Internet host
computer.

 This program is called DNS (Domain

Name System ) software.

 Domain Name Software or ( DNS) is an

Internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses.
Domain Name
Addressing
 Every time you use a domain name,
a DNS service must translate the
name into the corresponding IP
address.
 For example, the domain name
www.example.com might translate
to 198.105.232.4.
 The host computer that runs the DNS
service or software is called Domain
name server or DNS server.
Domain Name
Addressing
 The last part of domain name is
called its top-level domain (TLD).
Addressing Schema
 How to tell the browser the needed
information to allocate the wanted web
site to be displayed.

 The Addressing schema = uniform

resource allocator (URL)

 URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators,

are the schema by which documents
or data are addressed in the World
Wide Web.
Addressing Schema
 URL contains the following information:
– Transfer protocol to use when
transporting the file
– Domain name of computer on which
file resides
– Pathname of folder or directory on
computer on which file resides
– Name of the file
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
 ISP is a company that offers its
customer access to the Internet.
 The ISP connects to its customers using
a data transmission technology
appropriate for delivering Internet
Protocol datagrams
– dial-up
– DSL
– cable modem
– wireless
– dedicated high-speed interconnects.
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
 ISPs charge persons for a fee and
provide the following services:
– Adding your computer to the ISP’s
network, allowing you to communicate
with other computers on the Internet
– Giving your computer an IP address,
allowing other computers on the
Internet to communicate with you
– Providing you access to a DNS server.
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
Connection Cost Speed Hardware Notes
Type
Dial-up Inexpensive Very Modem;
($10-$25 / mo) slow telephone line

Digital Moderate Fast NIC card; Dedicated line; constant

Subscriber ($30-$50 / mo) dedicated bandwidth
Line (DSL) phone line;
DSL filter

Cable Moderate Fast Cable Shared line; bandwidth

($30-$60 / mo) “modem”; fluctuates
NIC card
T1 Expensive Very fast T1 line Businesses and institutions
installed; NIC
card
The Structure of the
Internet
 To understand how to get an IP address
from a URL, we need to understand the
basic structure of the Internet.
root

com org net edu

bellsouth yahoo w3c hypercon kctcs uky

www www mail www

Who Structuring the
Internet?
 Networks from corporations,
commercial firms, and other
companies
 Telephone companies
 Cable companies
 Satellite companies
 Government
who is controlling the
internet?
 generally speaking there is no
single entity controls or owns the
Internet.

 The Internet is a public,

cooperative, and independent
network.
who is controlling the
internet?
 Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN). Its
task is to manage the logistics
of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses
and domain names.

 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):

Its task is to develop and tests
advanced Internet technologies.
 steps followed to retrieve a
certain page through the
internet
 http://www.feng.benha.edu/staff/ahmed/index.
html
 http stands for hypertext transfer protocol, the
protocol for retrieving web pages
 www is the name of the server (with a specific
IP address)
 feng is a subdomain of benha
 benha is the subdomain of edu
 edu is the top level domain
 /staff/ahmed/ is the name of the folder (or
directory) on the server where the page is
stored. This part of the URL is called the path.
 index.html is the name of the file we want to
 Example
ISP is BellSouth (www.bellsouth.com
If you try to reach www.kctcs.edu
 The Client-Server
Relationship
 Now you located the computer you
wish to communicate (remote host or
server)
 Your machine is a local host or client
 Client request web pages from the
server
 Web pages are written in HTML (text +
multimedia)
 Received web pages are read by web
browsers (IE, FireFox…)
HTML Example
<HTML>

<BODY>
<CENTER>
<B> Hello, World! </B>
</CENTER>
<BR>
<FONT COLOR=“RED”>
This text is red.
</FONT>
<BR>
<A HREF=“www.kctcs.edu”> Go to kctcs.edu. </A>
</BODY>

</HTML>
HTML Example

Hello, World!
This text is red.
Go to kctcs.edu.
More on Browsers
 The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) has tried to establish
standards for HTML that all
browsers should support.

 A good web page designer will

test his or her page in several
browsers before publishing it.
Main Elements of Web
Browsers
 Main Elements of Web
Browsers

History
Hyperlinks:
– The true power of HTML lies in the use of
hyperlinks.
– Most browsers render hyperlinked text in
blue and underline it.
– Hyperlinked graphics have a blue
border.
– The browser’s status bar shows the URL
of the resource linked to by the
hyperlink.
– The browser changes the cursor, usually
Browser cache
 In the interest of speed, most browsers
will cache web pages the first time they
are visited.
 On subsequent visits, it displays the
cached copy instead of requesting the
page from the server.
 If you do not believe you are seeing the
most up-to-date information, click your
browser’s Refresh or Reload button to
force the browser to request the page
from the server.
 Browser Cookies
•Some web sites appear to “remember” your
preferences on subsequent visits.
•This is accomplished in one of two ways:
• A server-side database stores your
preferences. When you visit the site, you enter
a username and password, and your
preferences are loaded from the database.
• On your first visit, the site silently places a
small text file (called a cookie) on your hard
drive. This file contains your preferences and is
automatically loaded by the site when you
Search Engines
 Allows the user to type in a word or
phrase to search for, then returns
results that it determines most
closely match the user’s request.
 The user’s request is called a query.
Each individual result is called a hit.
 Some popular search engines are
Yahoo, Google and AltaVista
Search Engines
 Search engines are constantly updating their
“knowledge” of information on the Internet using
spiders.

 Spiders are programs that crawl the Internet (i.e.

follow all possible links and reporting the
information found there back to the search
engine.).

 Some search engines do not use spiders. Instead,

they query many other search engines and
combine the list of hits. These engines are called
meta-search engines. Some popular meta-search
engines are Dogpile, MetaCrawler, and Excite.
Email
 To send and receive email, you
need an email account.
 An email address of the form
[email protected].

 Mail storage where your incoming

messages are stored. (ISP “10M”-
and web mails “2G”)
File Transfer

• Files can be transferred from one

computer to another over the Internet
using the file transfer protocol (FTP).
•The process of transferring a file from a
remote host to your local machine is
called downloading.
•The process of transferring a file from
your local machine is called uploading.
•Most browsers natively support
downloading, but uploading often
requires a special utility called an FTP
File Transfer
To download with an Internet browser,
Client-Server Architecture
 is a way to structure a distributed
application so that it consists client
(multiple) and server (single).

 key characteristic  central point

for communication.

 Server app  more complex

 Client app is simpler. (web browser)
Client-Server Architecture
 The server runs on a port (standard=80)
and network IP address (need to be known)
that is known to the client module.

 The server need not be configured with

any information about the clients. (many-
>one)

 The clients only need to know the IP address

of the computer on which the server is
running
 Client server  simplicity and
ease of maintenance

 It has one drawback — It does not

utilize the computing power of
the client computers.
client-server inter-
communication models
 Model #1 of the Static HTML
pages
 client-server inter-
communication models
Model #2 CGI Scripts: The Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) is a standard method for web server
software to delegate the generation of web content

Thus the CGI program generates a dynamic HTML

client-server inter-
communication models
 Server side scripting technologies

 dynamic response generated by the use of

server side technologies.
Server side scripting technologies
There are many server side technologies today:
Active Server Pages (ASP): A Microsoft technology.
ASP pages typically have the extension .asp.
Personal Home Pages (PHP): An open source technology.
PHP pages typically have .php, .phtml or .php3 file name
extensions.
Java Server Pages: .jsp pages contain Java code.

With these server technologies it has become easier to

maintain Web pages especially helpful for a large web site.
The developer needs to embed the server-side language code
inside the HTML page.
This code is passed to the appropriate interpreter which
processes these instructions and generates the final HTML
displayed by the browser
Peer-to-Peer Architecture

 More complex
 Each computer need to know the
network addresses others.
 propagating changes to the
different software modules is
harder.
 result in much more scalable
applications.
Peer-to-Peer Architecture
Instant Messaging
 Instant Messaging (IM) where software
applications, such as MSN Messenger or
AOL Instant Messenger

 While most vendors offer a free version

of their IM software others have begun to
focus on enterprise versions of IM
software as business and corporations
have moved towards implementing IM as
a standard communications tool for
business.
 Affinity Communities
‫تقارب المجتمعات‬
 based around file-sharing

 Napster. Affinity Communities are

based on users collaborating and
searching other user's computers
for information and files.
 Static vs. Dynamic pages
 In Static pages, the contents (text/
links/ images) are the same each time
it is delivered by the web server.
1 3
Web server locates .htm file
Author writes
HTML 4

WebServer HTML stream returned to browser

5
2

Client requests page Browser processes page

Client
Static vs. Dynamic pages
 Server-side Dynamic Page Delivery

3 Web server locates instructions file

1

Author writes 4 Web server processes instructions to create HTML

instructions

5 HTML stream returned to browser

Web Server

6
2
Browser processes page
Client requests page

Client-side Dynamic Page Delivery

Client