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Types of Rocks

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7 views

Types of Rocks

Uploaded by

chinchanignalig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Rock

What are Rocks?


 A rock is a naturally
occurring solid mixture of
one or more minerals, or
organic matter

 Rocks are classified by how


they are formed, their
composition, and texture

 Rocks change over time


through the rock cycle
Igneous Rocks

 Igneous rock begins as magma.


 Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated
▪ When pressure is released
▪ When rock changes composition
 Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
 Magmais a mixture of
many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/
igneous.htm
Igneous Rocks

 Felsic: light colored rocks that are


rich in elements such as aluminum,
potassium, silicon, and sodium
 Mafic: dark colored rocks that are
rich in calcium, iron, and
magnesium, poor in silicon
 Coarse-grained: takes longer to
cool, giving mineral crystals more
time to grow
 Fine-grained: cools quickly with little
Igneous Rocks
Coarse- Fine-Grained
Grained

Felsic

Granite Rhyolite

Mafic

Gabbro Basalt
Igneous Rocks
 IntrusiveIgneous Rocks:
magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the
Earth’s surface

 ExtrusiveRocks: forms
when magma erupts onto
the Earth’s surface (lava),
cools quickly with very
small or no crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&e
du=high&fr=t
Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from
the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so
rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic
or Mafic?

Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?

Is this rock
Intrusive or
Extrusive?

Mafic, fine grained,


extrusive
Sedimentary Rocks
 Sedimentary rock is formed by
erosion
 Sediments are moved from
one place to another
 Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
 The layers become compacted
and cemented together
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/
sediment.htm
Sedimentary Rock
 Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or
near the Earth’s surface

 No heat and pressure involved

 Strata – layers of rock

 Stratification – the process in


which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or
quartz
Breccia is a term most
often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that
are composed of large
angular fragments
(over two millimeters
in diameter).

The spaces between


the large angular
fragments can be filled
with a matrix of
smaller particles or a
Sedimentary Rock
Chemical sedimentary – minerals
crystallize out of solution to become
rockis a
Limestone
sedimentary rock
composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
in the form of the mineral
calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm,
shallow marine waters.

It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal
Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary – remains of
plants and animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.

Coal is a combustible
rock and along with
oil and natural gas it
is one of the three
most important fossil
fuels.
Metamorphic Rock

 Meaning to change
shape

 Changes with
temperature
and pressure, but
remains
solid
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/
metamorph.htm
Metamorphic Rocks
 Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby
magma
 Increased temperature changes the
composition of the rock, minerals are
changed into new minerals

Hornfels is a fine-grained non-


foliated metamorphic rock
produced by contact
metamorphism http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&ed
Metamorphic Rocks

 Regional Metamorphism
– pressure builds up in
rocks that is deep within
the Earth

 Large pieces of the


Earth’s crust collide and
the rock is deformed
and chemically changed
by heat and pressure
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=hi
gh&fr=t
Metamorphic Rock
 Foliated - contain aligned grains of
flat minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and
is made up of
granular mineral
grains.

It typically
contains
abundant quartz
Metamorphic Rock
 Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-
foliated
metamorphic rock
that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.

It is composed
primarily of
Metamorphic Rock
 Determineif the following rock
samples are foliated or non-foliated:

Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllit


e
Foliated

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