MOBILE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

Presenter : Pham Ngoc Son, PhD.

 Contents

1. 3G WCDMA/UMTS Mobile network

2. MIMO – Massive MIMO
3. 4G LTE
4. 5G

2
 Overview of MIMO communications
• MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output):
Transmitter/receiver can have multiple antennas
• Improve received SINR (Improve link)
 A communication system with multiple transmitting and
receiving antennas

John G. Proakis, et al "Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB"

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Overview of MIMO communications
• Three types of MIMO communications:
– Single-user MIMO: One TX, one RX. Either TX or RX
or both can have multiple antennas.
– Multi-user MIMO (LTE-Advanced): One TX, multiple
RX. Parallel transmissions.
– Network MIMO: Multiple TX, multiple RX. Parallel
transmissions.

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 Single-user MIMO
Basic communication modesAdvantages: capacity gains

- Diversity gain: Receiver diversity and Transmit diversity

- Multiplexing gain: Spatial multiplexing
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 Receiver diversity

• Receiver combines signals

received by multiple antennas

• Increasing SNR proportionally to the number of

receive antennas (Nr)
 Received signal power adds up

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 Implementing Receiver diversity
• Selection
combining (SC)
or Switched
Diversity
• Maximum Ratio
combining
(MRC): improves
SNR to:

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 Receiver diversity

• Multiple receive antennas allow to mitigate

fading:

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 Transmit diversity

• Transmitter sends
multiple versions of the
same signal, through
multiple antennas.

• Two modes of transmit diversity:

- Open-loop transmit diversity
- Closed-loop transmit diversity

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 Open-loop transmit diversity
 Send redundant versions of the same signal (symbol), over
multiple time slots, and through multiple antennas.
• Receiver combines multiple copies of the received signals
optimally to overcome multipath.
 Encode the symbols differently for different time slots and TX
antennas. Ex: Space-Time Block Code (STBC).

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12
 Space-Frequency Block Codes (LTE)

Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ 13
 Closed-loop transmit diversity
• Send redundant versions of the same signal (symbol),
over the same time slot
• Encode the symbols differently for different TX
antennas
 weight the symbols on different antennas, following a
precoding algorithm
 Precoding design requires feedback of channel state
information (CSI).

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 Closed-loop transmit diversity: precoding

• Signals from different antennas need to sync (align) their

phases.
• But the different channels (between TX antennas and RX
antenna) distort signals differently, causing phase offset.

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 Closed-loop transmit diversity: precoding
• Principle of Precoding: TX compensates the phase offset,
and aligns the phases of signals going through different
channels.
• Precoding design requires feedback of CSI: TX must
know the phase offset, in order to perform compensation.

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 Closed-loop transmit diversity: gain

• Signal level combining, also called transmit

beamforming.
• Ex: Suppose we have 2 transmit antennas, then
instead of x, we receive: x+x=2x, received
power becomes 4|x|2, SNR increases to 4 times.
• More generally, with Nt TX antennas, SNR
increases to Nt 2

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 Spatial multiplexing
• Form multiple independent links (on the same spectrum
band) between TX and RX, and send data in parallel
through them.
• Unfortunately, there is cross-talk between antennas.
• Cross-talk must be removed by digital signal processing
algorithms

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19
 Multi-user MIMO

• MU-MIMO enables multiple streams of data

to be sent to different users in parallel, without
cross-talk interference.

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 Multi-user MIMO
• MU-MIMO differs from traditional MIMO:

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Multi-user MIMO

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Multi-user MIMO

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 Multi-user MIMO: gain and limitation
• If the transmitter has Nt antennas, then it can send Nt streams of data
simultaneously to Nt users, increasing capacity to Nt times compared
with single-antenna transmitter.
• MU-MIMO is essentially a form of spatial multiplexing, must know
CSIs.
• Limitations of large MIMO architectures
– Only one transmitter at a time.
– Simultaneous transmission from different transmitters causes
collision
– So network capacity doesn’t scale with transmitter density

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 Network MIMO
• A giant-MIMO comprised of many access points (APs).
• APs are tightly synchronized and share data.
• Mutual interference can be cancelled.
• Network capacity scales linearly with the number of
APs, theoretically

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 MIMO capacity on fading channels
• The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MIMO systems with
SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
– SISO: capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:
 P 2
C B log  1  h  bits / s 
2 N0 
Where B is the BW and h is the fading channel efficiency.
– SIMO (with M receiving antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
 P M 2
C B log  1    h  bits / s 
2 N m
 0 m 1 
– MISO (with N transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
 P N 2
C B log  1    h  bits / s 
2 N 0 n 1 n 
– MIMO: 

 P M N 2
C B log  1   h  bits / s 
2 N 0 m 1 n 1 mn
 
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading channel
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55

50

45

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Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8
 MIMO Diversity and Reliability
• The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for
MIMO can be compared with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
• The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in [1]
– SISO: 1 Transmit Diversity (MISO):
Pe 
y hx  n P M
1
1
2 N0 y  hjx j  n Pe 

M
P 
j 1  1  
 2 N 0 

M
– Receive Diversity (SIMO): MIMO: yi  hijxj  ni
j 1
yi hi x  ni , i 1,2, N
1
1 Pe 
Pe  N  P 
MN
 P   1  
 1   2 N min{ N , M }
 2 N 0 
 0 
 Massive MIMO
• Use hundreds of base station antennas to simultaneously serve multiple
users.
• Greater capacity, multiple users, faster data.

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 Massive MIMO
• 4G sector base station and 5G base station with a new multi
element massive MIMO antenna array.
• The overall physical size of the 5G base station antenna is
expected to be similar to a 4G base station antenna.

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 MIMO Beam Steering
• Beam steering is a technology that allows the massive MIMO base
station antennas to direct the radio signal to the users and devices
rather than in all directions.
• The beam steering technology uses advanced signal processing
algorithms to determine the best path for the radio signal to reach the
user.

increases efficiency
as it reduces
interference (unwanted
radio signals).

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Recent Advances of Massive MIMO

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 Opportunities and challenges
• Advantages
‒ Improve the spectrum efficiency and the energy efficiency.
• Vision
‒ Key technology for 5G
• Challenges
‒ Theoretical analysis with practical constraints
‒ Reduce the power consumption of RF chains
‒ Pilot contamination in the uplink
‒ Efficient pilot design and channel estimation algorithm
‒ Efficient channel feedback mechanism
‒ Low-complexity near-optimal signal detection algorithm

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 Introduction
• The data rates and spectral efficiencies of 3G network would not meet
the demand of future applications; therefore, a new system had to be
developed
3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE).
• 4G=International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) Advanced
Requirements in ITU M.2134-2008
• LTE has received strong support from the vast majority of cell-phone
and infrastructure manufacturers
• 3G network was decided to completely change both the air interface and
the core network:
– The air interface was to move to Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as modulation.
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), with
(limited) support for Multiple Input Multiple Output system (MIMO)
antenna technology.
– The core network was to evolve 35 into a pure packet-switched network.
 LTE: Key Features (3GPP Release 8, 2009)
• Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600
MHz.
• Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz.
• Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division
Duplexing (TDD).
• 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO.
• Beamforming in the downlink.
• Data Rate: 326 Mbps/down, 86 Mbps up (4x4 MIMO
20MHz).
• Modulation: OFDM with QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM.
• OFDMA downlink, Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SCFDMA) uplink.
• Hybrid ARQ Transmission.
• Short Frame Sizes of 10ms and 1ms, faster feedback
and better efficiency at high
36 speed.
 OFDMA Downlink

Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
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Generation of an OFDM signal

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 Generation of an OFDM signal

• By setting the input information signal, then

no
DC component in (8.2.3), x(t) is rewrite as:

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 Demodulation of OFDM Signals
• The modulator in an OFDM system can be implemented by
computing the IDFT, given in (8.2.2).
• The demodulator that recovers the information symbols {X k}
from the received signal samples is implemented by
computing the DFT, given in (8.2.5).

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 OFDM introduction
• It is a Digital Multi Carrier modulation Scheme.
• The Available spectrum is divided into several independent sub-carrier to
carry data and control information.
• The sub-carriers are selected in a manner so that they are orthogonal to
one another. This prevents interference between closely spaced sub-
carriers.
• All orthogonal sub-carriers are
transmitted simultaneously.
• Orthogonality is achieved by
coinciding peak of each sub
carrier with null of other sub
carriers.
• Independent sub carriers are
individually modulated and
demodulated with conventional
modulation formats. 41
OFDM Basic Concept

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OFDM Modulation
• OFDM modulation can be realized with
efficient Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
(IFFT), which enables a large number of
sub-carriers (up to 2048) with low
complexity.
• In an OFDM system, resources are
available
• in the time domain by means of
OFDM symbols
• in the frequency domain by means
of sub-carriers.
•The time and frequency resources can
be organized into sub-channels for
allocation to individual users.
 SC-FDMA
• Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access.
• Each user gets a contiguous part of the
channel.

• Uses single carrier modulation, adds a cyclic prefix,

achives low peak-to-average power ratio.
• Better for uplink because slight mis-synchronization
among users does not affect the decoding significantly.
• With OFDMA, each user’s subcarriers are spread all over
the band and may affect other users subcarriers all over the
band.
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 SC-FDMA (Cont)

Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
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 Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility
• LTE can be operated in a variety of frequency bands that are
assigned by national frequency regulators, based on the
decisions of the World Radio Conference.

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LTE FDD Carrier configuration

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Used band configuration

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Parameter configuration

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Parameter configuration

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Parameter configuration

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Parameter configuration

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 Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility

• LTE can also be operated with various

bandwidths: 5 and 10 MHz (lower: 1.4 and 3
MHz, higher: 15 and 20 MHz).
• When peak data rates are mentioned, LTE
usually refer to usage in the 20-MHz spectrum.
• Due to the use of OFDM as modulation
format, bandwidths can be adjusted by
changing the number of subcarriers.

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 Network Structure
• There is only a single type of access point, namely,
the eNodeB (or BS, in our notation).
• Each BS can supply one or more cells, providing the
following functionalities:

 air interface
communications and
PHYsical layer (PHY)
functions;
 radio resource
allocation/scheduling;
 retransmission control.
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 Ex: Network Structure

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 4G Network Structure (cont.)

5
EPS: Evolved Packet System, EPC: Evolved Packet Core, SAE: System Architecture Evolution, E-UTRAN:
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, LTE: Long Term Evolution,
EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN = SAE + LTE, EPC = SAE, E-UTRAN = LTE
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 4G Network Structure (cont.)

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 User Equipment (UE)
• UE is the device that the end user applies for
communication. Typically, it is a hand held device
such as a smart phone or a data card such as those
used currently in 2G and 3G, or it could be
embedded, e.g. to a laptop.
• UE also contains the Universal Subscriber
Identity Module (USIM)
• USIM is used to identify and authenticate the user
and to derive security keys for protecting the radio
interface transmission.
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 eNodeB: Evolved Node B
• Equivalent functions to NodeB and a
part of RNC in 3G WCDMA.
Benefits of the RNC and Node-B
merger include reduced latency with
2 fewer hops in the media path, and
distribution of the RNC processing
load.
3
• Radio resource management
• Encrypt radio transmission channels
•4 Select MME in the set-up phase
• Route capacity from UE to SGW.
5

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 Mobility Management Entity (MME)

3
 Control signaling in core network
4  Location tracking, paging, roaming, and handovers.
 All control plane functions related to subscriber and session
5 management.
 Select S-PGW

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 SGW : Serving Gateway

 Manage traffic between subscribes and core network.

4
 Forward traffic to PGW via S5/S8 interfaces.
 Charge for subscribers
5
 Support mobility between 3GPP networks.

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 PGW : Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway

3
 Manage the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network connection with
4 external data networks
 Analyze packets
 Charging support
5
 IP Address Allocation for UE
 Packet Routing/Forwarding between Serving GW and external
Data Network and Packet screening
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(firewall functionality).
 HSS : Home Subscriber Server
 Store information of subsribles:
 Authentication
 Service
 Mobility
2  Permanent and central subscriber
database maintained centrally by
the home operator.
3
 Store the master copy of the
subscriber profile, contains
4 information about the services
applicable to the user, including
information about the allowed
5 packet data connections, and
whether roaming to a particular
visited network is allowed or not.
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Policy and Charging Function (PCRF)

• The PCRF major functionality is the Quality of

Service (QoS) coordination between the external
PDN and EPC.
• PCRF is connected via Rx+ interface to the external
Data network .
• PCRF can be used to check and modify the QoS.
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 Comparison of data networks between 3G and 4G

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 2G, 3G & 4G Network Structures

Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
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 RELEASES

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 LTE Frame Structure

Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
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 Frames, Slots, and Symbols
• In LTE, the time axis is divided into entities that play
an important role in the transmission of different
channels.
• The regular spacing between the subcarriers is 15 kHz.

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 Resource Allocation

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Ref: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
 Coding

• Cyclic Redundancy Check

• Convolutional Codes: to encode control
information, not for the actual payload data. A
length-7 convolutional code with the following
code polynomials:

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 Coding

• Turbo Codes:
to encode
payload data.
• Forward Error
Correction
(FEC) schemes
HARQ

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 Multiple-Antenna Techniques
• Transmit Diversity: 2 transmit antennas and 4
transmit antennas.

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eNodeB Antenna

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 Physical and Logical Channels
• Logical channels are mapped to transport channels and
from there to physical channels (which are defined by
their physical properties, i.e., time, subcarrier, etc.).
– Dedicated Channels (DCHs)
• Resources are reserved for a single user only
– Common channels
• Resources are shared between users
• The logical channels are similar to those in 3G
WCDMA.

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 Physical and Logical Channels
• Physical Channels (Uplink, Downlink):

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 Transport & Physical Channels
Transport Channel Physical Channel
(UL/DL) Dedicated Channel DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCCH

(UL) Random Access Channel RACH Physical random access channel PRACH
(UL) Common packet channel CPCH Physical common packet channel PCPCH
(DL) Broadcast channel BCH Primary common control physical channel P-CCPCH

(DL) Forward access channel FACH Secondary common control physical channel S-
(DL) Paging channel PCH CCPCH

(DL) Downlink shared channel DSCH Physical downlink shared channel PDSCH

Synchronization channel SCH

Common pilot channel CPICH
Acquisition indication channel AICH
Paging indication channel PICH
Signaling physical channels CPCH Status indication channel CSICH
Collision detection/Channel assignment indicator
channel CD/CA-ICH
Logical and Physical Channels

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Thank You !

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