RC2 BY DR.

AHMAD MALKAWI
DESIGN OF 1
REINFORCED
CONCRETE II
(RCII)

By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi

 2

Chapter 5
Design of Two-way Slabs

Reference: Design of concrete structures,

Arthur H. Nilson et al., 14th Edition in SI units.
Chapter 9

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi

 One-way Slabs

 The loads is transferred mainly in one direction and the bending

5.1.1 takes place in that direction. This includes two cases:

Classification Slab supported on 2 opposite sides only, the loads transferer in

the direction perpendicular to the supporting edges.
of Slabs
Slab supported on 4 sides and the ratio of the long side to the
Based on
short sides , the slab will deflect in the short direction only,
Load-Transfer and most of the load (>95% ) is carried in the short direction.
Direction (The slab have almost a rectangle shape)

Two-way Slabs

 Deflect occurs in two directions, and the loads are transferred to all
four supports.

 Slab should be supported on all four sides and the ratio of the long
side to the short sides . (The slab have almost a squared shape).

 The bending moments and deflections in such slabs are less than
those in one-way slabs; the same slab can carry more load when
3
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi supported on four sides.
 5.1.1 Classification of
Slabs Based on Load-
Transfer Direction

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 Flat Plate
 Is a 2-way slab system
consisting of a uniform slab that
5.1.2 Types rests directly on columns and
does not have beams or column
of Two-way capitals.
Slabs  The column tends to punch
through the slab. Therefore, a
general increase in the slab
thickness is required or special
reinforcement is used.
 Commonly used where spans
are not large and loads not
particularly heavy.
 Advantages: Low-cost formwork,
Exposed flat ceilings, Fast
 Disadvantages: Low shear
capacity, Low Stiffness (notable
deflection) 5
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
 Flat Slabs
 Is a 2-way slab reinforced in 2
directions that usually does not
have beams or girders, the
loads are transferred directly to
the columns.
 The column tends to punch
5.1.2 through the slab, which can be
Types of treated by the use of:
1.Drop panel
Two-way 2.Column capital (not
Slabs common).
3.Drop panel and a column
capital.
 Advantages: Low-cost
formwork, Exposed flat ceilings,
Fast
 Disadvantages: Need more
formwork for capital and panels 6
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
 Two-way Ribbed (Joist) or Waffle Slabs
• It consists of a floor slab, usually 50-
100mm thick, supported by reinforced
concrete ribs (or joists).
• The ribs are spaced at about 50-75cm
and are supported on beams that rest on
columns.
• Ribbed slabs can be used as one-way
and two-way slabs:
• One-way: If the ribs are provided in two
5.1.2 Types of directions and , OR ribs are provided in
only one direction regardless of the
Two-way ratio.
Slabs • Two-way: If the ribs are provided in two
directions and .
• As in flat plates, shear can be a problem
near columns. Consequently, waffle
floors are usually made solid in those
areas to increase shear resistance.

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 The choice of an adequate and economic floor system depends on the type
of building, architectural layout, aesthetic features, and the span length
between columns.
Flat Plates: Most suitable for spans of 6-7.5 m and live loads between 3-5 kN/m 2. The
advantages include low-cost formwork and fast construction. It has low shear
capacity and relatively low stiffness, which may cause noticeable deflection.

5.1.3 Flat Slabs: Most suitable for spans of 6-9m and for live loads of 4-7 kN/m 2.

Economical They need more formwork than flat plates, especially for column capitals.

Choice of Waffle Slabs: Suitable for spans of 9-15m and live loads of 4-7 kN/m2. They
carry heavier loads than flat plates and have attractive exposed ceilings.
Concrete Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite expensive.
One-Way Joist Slab: Most suitable for spans of 6-9m and live loads of 4-6 kN/m 2.
Floor Because of the deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are relatively low, but
expensive formwork is expected. The exposed ceiling of the slabs may look attractive.

Systems Slabs on Beams: Suitable for spans between 6-9m and live loads of 3-5
kN/m2. The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs, producing relatively
low deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is needed.
One-Way Slabs on Beams: Suitable for spans of 3-6m and a live load of 3-5
kN/m2. They can be used for larger spans with relatively higher cost and
higher slab deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is needed.
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 8
 A theoretical elastic analysis of two-way slabs is a very complex because of
their highly indeterminate nature.

5.2 Numerical techniques such as finite elements are required, such methods
require sophisticated software to be practical in design.

Analysis The empirical methods described in this chapter can be done by hand or
with simple spreadsheets.

of Two- Stress redistribution can occur at high loads makes it unnecessary to

design based on theoretical analyses. Therefore, the design is based on

Way empirical moment coefficients.

Slabs
The total amount of reinforcement in a slab seems more important than
its exact placement.

If the supporting edge beams are shallow or are omitted as they are for
flat plates and flat slabs, deformation of the slab system along the column
lines significantly alters the distribution of moment.

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 5.2 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs
• Fig.a shows 2 center strips of a plate with short span
and long span .
• Each strip acts approximately as a simple beam, loaded
by w /m2.
• The strips deflections at the intersection point must be
the same, .

Where load taken by short direction, load taken by long

direction
• Hence, if Most of the load is transferred in short
direction.
• As a rule of thumb: For , design as one-way slab.

One-way and two-way slab action carry

load in two directions.
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 10
 5.2 Analysis of Two-Way
Slabs
• Fig.b shows a slab model consisting of 2-sets of 3 strips each.
• The central strips and bend approximately as a simple beam.
• The outer strips and , are not only bent but also twisted.
• Twisting results in torsional stresses that are highest near the
slab comers.
• The total load is carried by the bending moments in two
directions and by the twisting moments. The largest moment occurs where the
• For a simply supported square slab, . If only bending were curvature is sharpest i.e., midspan of the
present, the maximum moment in each strip would be . The short strip . The curvature, and hence the
exact theory of bending of elastic plates shows that maximum moment in strip .
moment is .
• So, the twisting moments relieve the bending moments by
about 25%.

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 5.2 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs
• Failure will not occur directly if the midspan of strip is
overloaded. The additional load will be taken by the
neighboring strips due to monolithic action.
• Inelastic redistribution will continue until a large area in the
slab central portion steel in both directions is yielding.
• Hence, slabs do not need to be designed for the maximum
moment in each of the two directions, but only for a smaller
average moment in each of the two directions in the central
portion of the slab.
• Twisting moments affect the exterior comers of a 2-way slab
system, they tend to crack the slab at along the panel
diagonal, special reinforcement should be provided at exterior
comers in both the bottom and top of the slab, for a distance
in each direction from the comer equal to 1/5 the longer span
of the comer panel.

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 The ACI Code (13.5.1.1) specifies two methods:
5.3 Design Direct Design Method (DDM)
of Two-Way • Approximate empirical method limited to slab systems with uniformly
distributed loads and supported on equally spaced columns. Slabs that do
Slabs by not meet these limitations must be analyzed using more accurate procedures.

the ACI • Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the design moment.
• The method involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis based on (a)
Code the estimated flexural stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns
and (b) the torsional stiffnesses of the slabs and beams (if any) in the
transverse direction.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
• A 3D building is divided into a series of 2D equivalent frames by cutting the
building along lines midway between columns.
• The resulting frames are considered separately in the longitudinal and
transverse directions of the building and treated floor by floor.
• The same stiffness values used for the DDM are used for EFM.
• This method is very satisfactory for symmetrical frames as well as for those
EFM with unusual dimensions or loadings.

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5.3.1 Equivalent Frame
Method (EFM)

Transverse equivalent frame Longitudinal equivalent frame

Elevation of the frame Perspective view

 The ACI Code, Section 9.5.3, specifies a
minimum slab thickness in two-way slabs
5.4 Minimum to control deflection.
Thickness of
Two-way The ACI Code limits the thickness of two-
Slabs way slabs by adopting the empirical
limitations that are based on experimental
research. If these limitations are not met, it
will be necessary to compute deflections.

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 5.4.1 Slabs without Interior Beams Spanning Between Supports
5.4 • The minimum slab thickness may be determined directly from Table 9.5(c) of
the ACI Code.
Minimum • Edge beams, often provided even for two-way slabs to improve moment and

Thickness shear transfer at the exterior supports, permit a reduction in minimum

thickness of about 10% in exterior panels.

of Two-way • In all cases, the minimum thickness must not be less than:
Without drop panels → 125mm & With drop panels → 100 mm
Slabs 5.4.2 Slabs with Beams on All Sides

If no beams are used, as in the case of flat plates, then and .

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  : Clear span in the long direction measured face to face of
columns (or face to face of beams for slabs with beams)
 : the ratio of the long to short clear span
 : The average value of for all beams on the sides of the panel
 : the ratio of flexural stiffness of a beam () to the flexural
5.4 Minimum stiffness of the slab () bounded laterally by the centerlines of
the panels on each side of the beam
Thickness of
Two-way Where and are the moduli of elasticity of concrete in the beam
and the slab, respectively, and and are the gross moments of
Slabs inertia of the effective beam and the slab, respectively. The
variations due to column capitals and drop panels may be
neglected.
For the beam (if present), is based on the effective cross
section.
For the slab, is taken equal to bh3 /12, where b is the width
between panel centerlines on each side of the beam.

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RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
 5.4
Minimum
Thickness of
Two-way
Slabs

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 5.4.1 Effective Beam
and Slab Sections
for calculation of a α

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 5.4.1 Effective
Beam and Slab
Sections for
calculation of a
α Figure 13.10: Portion of slab to be included with beam

• If beams are presented, due to its greater stiffness, its moment portion will be
larger, and the slab moments must be correspondingly less.
• In the case of monolithic construction, beams are defined to include that part of
the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection of
the beam above or below the slab (whichever is greater) but not greater than 4
times the slab thickness.
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 20
 5.4.2 ACI • To find h using the previous Equations, at discontinuous edges, for the
edge beam ; otherwise, h must be increased by at least 10% for the
Code panel with the discontinuous edge.
• When drop panels are used without beams, h may be reduced by 10%.
limitations The drop panels should extend in each direction from the centerline of
support by ≥1/6 span length in that direction and also project below
on Slab the slab by ≥ h/4. This reduction is included in Table 9.5(c).

Thickness • The thickness of two-way slabs shall not be less than the following:
1. For slabs without beams or drop panels → 125mm
2. For slabs without beams but with drop panels → 100mm
3. For slabs with beams on all four sides with 90mm
4. For slabs with beams on all four sides with →125mm
• The thickness of a slab also may be governed by shear.

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 A flat plate floor system is supported on 50x50 cm square
Example – Slab columns. Determine the minimum slab thickness required for
Thickness the interior and corner panels. Use fc = 24 MPa and fy = 420
Mpa.

Corner Panels
Slab thickness, from table for fy = 420 MPa and no edge beams

Interior Panels
Slab thickness, from table for fy = 420 MPa and no edge beams
for
 The floor system consists of solid slabs and beams in two
Example – α directions supported on 50 cm square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness required for an interior and exterior
calculations panels. Use fc = 28 Mpa, fy = 420 MPa, and E=4700√28=24.87
GPa

To find h, need to find afm therefore Ib, Is and af for each beam & slab in long
& short direction. Assume slab thickness h= 17 cm so that x = y=38 < 4t f
Interior Panel
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the interior T-beam

For an interior panel

Compute the thickness for

Use slab thickness of 160 mm OR 170 mm as initially assumed
Edge and Corner Panel
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the edge L-beam

For the edges panel

For the edges panel
For the corner panel
8
Compute the thickness for
Use slab thickness of 160 mm OR 170 mm as initially assumed
 5.5 Direct Design Method for Two-way Slabs

Moments in two-way slabs can be found using DDM, subject to the following
restrictions:
1. Minimum of 3 continuous spans in each direction, 9 panel structure (3x3 ).
2. Rectangular panels, with the ratio within a panel.
3. Successive span in each direction shall not differ by more than 1/3 the
longer span.
4. Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by
up to 10% of span parallel to the offset.
5. Loading due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
6. The unfactored L.L ≤ 2 times the unfactored D.L. (in this case, it is
unnecessary to check the effects of pattern loading).
7. For panels with beams between supports on all sides, relative stiffness of
the beams in the 2 perpendicular directions, should be given by the ratio .

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 5.5.1 Steps of Direct Design Method for Two-way
slabs

1. Choose layout and type of slab.

2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection. Also, check if thickness is adequate for shear.
3. Choose Design method.
4. Calculate positive and negative moments in the slab.
5. Determine distribution of moments across the slab width: - Based on geometry and beam stiffness.
6. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if presented.
7. Design reinforcement for moments from steps 5 and 6.
8. Check shear strengths at the columns

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 5.5.2 Distribution of Moments
Column Strips and Middle Strips

• For design, it is convenient to divide each panel into

column strips and middle strips.
• Column strips: A design strip includes column-line
and beams (if present) and having a width on either
side of a column centerline = smaller of
length of span in direction moments are being
determined.
length of span transverse to measured c/c of the
support.
• Middle strips: Design strip bounded by two column
strips.

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5.5.2
Distribution of
Moments
Column Strips and
Middle Strips
 5.5.2 Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two directions

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 5.5.2 Distribution of Moments
Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two directions

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 5.5.2 Distribution of Moments

Section A-A: 𝑙1
Moment per m width in slab 𝑙2
Total slab Moment
Uniform load on each beam
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)
Total Moment in both beams
Full load was transferred east-west by the slab and
then was transferred north-south by the beams.
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor
system.

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 5.5.2 Distribution of Moments

• In continuous beam, the sum of the midspan +M

and the average of –M at supports is equal to
midspan +M of corresponding simply supported
beam.

1
𝑀 𝐶𝐷 𝑀 𝐴𝐵 8 ¿
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 5.5.3 Determination of the total factored statice
moment

• The total factored statice moment in a panel , for a strip bounded laterally by the panel centerline is:

Where:
factored load per unit area
clear span from face to face of the columns, capitals, brackets, or walls but it should be , circular or regular
polygon-shaped supports should be treated as square supports with the same area
is perpendicular to and equals the length of the direction between c/c of supports (width of strip). If the
transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of supports varies, shall be taken as the average,
In the case of an edge panel, use

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 5.5.3 Determination of the total factored
statice moment
• Use equivalent square Columns for calculations.

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5.5.4 Distribution of the total factored
statice moment
• in each direction, is divided into , and , such that:

• For interior spans M0 is apportioned by:

Negative factored moment: Neg Mu= 0.65M0
Positive factored moment: Pos Mu= 0.35M0
• For end spans, M0 is distributed among the three critical moment sections (interior negative,
positive, and exterior negative) as illustrated in the figure based on the flexural restraint as explained
in Table 13.3.

Ext Neg
Int Neg
Pos

End or Exterior span Interior span

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 36

 5.5.4
Distribution
of the total
factored
37
statice
moment
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 5.5.4
Distribution
of the total
factored
38
statice
moment
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 5.5.4
Distribution
of the total
factored
39
statice
moment
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 5.5.5 Assignment of
and to the Column
and middle strips
• The mentioned values of the
panel longitudinal and are for
the entire width of the
equivalent building frame. The
40
width of two half column strips
and two half-middle stripes of
adjacent panels.
• The transverse distribution of
and between slab middle strips,
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi

slab column strips, and beams

depends upon the ratio , , .
 • α is the ratio of flexural stiffness and given only for the beams in the direction of
5.5.5 the strip ( direction).
Assignment
is the moments of inertia of the effective beam in direction of strip.
of and to the is the slab moments of inertia for the slab spanning in direction and having
Column and width bounded by panel centerlines in the direction.
• is the ratio of torsional stiffness and given only for edge beams perpendicular to
middle strips the strip defined as:

C: torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam and equals largest of:
1.A portion of the slab having a width equal to that of the column, bracket, or
capital in the direction in which moments are taken.
2.The portion of the slab specified in 1 plus that part of any transverse beam
above and below the slab.
3.The effective transverse beam defined as in Fig. 13.10.
Figure 13.10: Portion of slab to be • C: Cross sectional constant defines torsional properties for T- or L- section found by
included with beam dividing the section into its component rectangles, each having: x and y as the
smallest and largest dimension in the section of edge beam, respectively.

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 41

 • Note: C relation is applicable directly to rectangular section, but if used for
L-Shape beams, it should be divided it to 2 rectangular sections and find
largest C.

5.5.5
Assignment
of and to the
Column and
middle strips
• When α and βt are found, factors for moment that is assigned to the
column strips can be found from Table 13.4.
• Linear interpolations are to be made between the values shown in
Table 13.4.
• α l2/l1 = 0, when there is no interior beams in the direction of strip
under consideration.
• βt = 0, when there is no exterior “edge” beams perpendicular to the
strip under consideration.

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 5.5.5
Assignment
of and to the
Column and
middle strips

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 5.5.5 Assignment of
and to the Column
and middle strips
• To illustrate the use of this
graph, 1.55, , the dotted line
indicates moment percentages
of 100 for and 65 for .
• Projecting to the right as
indicated by the arrow to find
the appropriate vertical scale of
2.5 divisions for an intermediate
value of , say 1.0, then upward
and finally to the left, one reads
the corresponding percentage of
86 on the main chart.

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 • The portion of the moment not resisted by the column
strip is assigned to the adjacent half-middle strips.
• Each middle strip is designed to resist the sum of the
5.5.5 moments assigned to its two half-middle strips.
Assignment • A middle strip adjacent and parallel to a wall is designed
for twice the moment assigned to the half-middle strip
of and to the corresponding to the first row of interior supports.
Column and • The column-line beam spanning in the direction l1 is to be
middle strips proportioned to resist 85% the column-strip moment if
αf2l2 /l1 ≥1.
• For values between 0 and 1, the proportion to be resisted
by the beam may be obtained by linear interpolation
from 0 to 85%.

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 45

 5.5.6
Summary of
D.D.M

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 The minimum concrete cover should be as follows:
5.6 Minimum a. Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with
Concrete Cover ground:

(Cc)  Larger than ϕ36 mm bar

-------------------------------------------- 4 cm
 ϕ36 and smaller bars
------------------------------------------------- 2 cm
b. Concrete exposed to weather or in contact with
ground:
 ϕ 19 mm and larger
bars----------------------------------------------- 5 cm
 ϕ 16 mm and smaller bars
-------------------------------------------- 4 cm
c. Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to
earth ----7.5 cm.

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 5.7 Minimum Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
Reinforcement The minimum amount of reinforcement shall not be less than
Ratio and the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement:
Spacing
Requirements  Slabs where G40 or G50 deformed bars are used it should be not less than:

 Slabs where G60 deformed bars are used it should be not less than:

Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

The maximum spacing of reinforcement shall not exceed
smallest of ( 2h or 450 mm).

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 5.8 Bar
Cutoffs and
Anchorages

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  The extension of the –M bars is based on the longer span length.
 The +M steel perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to
5.8 Bar the edge of slab at least 150mm in support.

Cutoffs and  All –M steel perpendicular to an edge be bent, hooked, or otherwise

anchored in support to develop fy in tension.
Anchorages  At exterior corners if supported by edge walls or where one or more
supporting beams have a value of , top and bottom slab
reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners in accordance
with 13.3.6.1 through 13.3.6.4.
 13.3.6.1 — Corner reinforcement in both top and bottom of slab shall be sufficient
to resist a moment equal to the maximum +M per unit width in the slab panel.
 13.3.6.3 — Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction
from the corner equal to 1/5 the longer span.
 13.3.6.4 — Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top
of the slab and perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively,
reinforcement shall be placed in two layers parallel to the sides of the slab in both
the top and bottom of the slab.

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 5.8 Bar
Cutoffs and
Anchorages

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 5.9 Openings in
Slabs
Opening sizes:
• 1 → Any size is allowed
• 2 → 1/8 of column strip width in
each span is allowed.
• 3 → 1/4 of the smallest strip width
is allowed
Reinforcement:
• In all cases an amount of
reinforcement equivalent to that
interrupted by an opening shall be
added on the sides of the opening.

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 Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams
 The critical sections are found at a distance d from the face of the
supporting beams, and the concrete shear capacity of each section
is:

5.10 Shear Tributary Areas for Shear in Two-Way Slabs

Strength of with Beams
Two-way • Beams with , the shear force is calculated using loads on a tributary
area bounded by 45o lines drawn from the corners (triangular and
Slabs trapezoidal areas).
• Beams with , the proportion of load carried by beam shear is found
by linear interpolation.
No shear reinforcement should be provided if
shear force at critical section is less than
, where

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 5.10.1 Tributary Areas for Shear in Two-Way Slabs
with Beams

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 Two-Way Slabs Without Beams
 Two types of shear stresses must be investigated:
1. One-way shear (beam shear): The critical sections is at a distance d
from the column face and determined using the same previous
equation, where slab is considered to act as a wide beam with equal
to the panel width :

5.10 Shear , where

Strength of 2. Two-way shear (punching shear): Shear failure occurs along a

truncated cone around the column. The critical section is located at a
Two-way distance d/2 from the face of the column, capital, or drop panel. is

Slabs the smallest of:

OR OR
Where:
 Ratio of long side to short side of the rectangular column. For other
shapes, it is taken as the ratio of the longest dimension of the effective
loaded area in the long direction to the largest width in the short direction.
 Perimeter of the critical section taken at d/2 from the loaded area.
 for interior columns, for edge columns, and for corner columns, i.e.,
55
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 5.10 Shear Strength of Two-way Slabs

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 b

a
𝑎
𝛽=
𝑏

For columns with nonrectangular cross sections the

5.10 Shear Strength ACI Code indicates that the perimeter b0 must be
of Two-way Slabs of minimum length but need not approach closer
than d/2 to the perimeter of the reaction area.

57
 5.10 Shear Strength
of Two-way Slabs
The side faces of the
critical perimeter may
be extended to the
edge of the slab if the
distance from the face
of the column to the
edge of the slab does
not exceed the larger
of:
4h OR 2ld, of the
flexural reinforcement
perpendicular to the
edge.

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 5.10.1 Tributary Areas
for Shear in Two-Way
Slabs
• The shear tributary areas
are bounded by lines of
zero shear.
• For interior panels, the
lines pass through the
center of the panel.
• For edge panels, the lines
pass through the half of
the span (c/c).
• For the first interior
support, the shear force
must be increased by
15%. The tributary length
will be 1.15x0.5l=0.575l
(c/c).
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  Note: If L1≠L2, the
shorter critical
section is controlling
5.10.1 Tributary because it has
Areas for Shear shorter length of
in Two-Way Slabs wider area.
 One-way shear

Example: For the Vu=wux tributary areas

shown interior panels for one-way shear 1
plane, assume that Vu=
wu=10 kN/m2, 10x5.4x2.43=131.22
kN
determine the
ultimate one-way and
two-way shear at  Two-way shear
column 1.
Vu=wux tributary areas
for two-way shear
Vu= 10x(5.4x5.40-
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
0.42x0.77)= 288.4 kN 60
 5.10.2 Increasing the
Shear Strength of Slab
If the thickness of the slab is not adequate
to resist the applied shear stresses, one
can either:
• Thicken the slab over the entire panel.
• Use a drop panel to thicken the slab
adjacent to the column.
• Increase bo by increasing the column
size, or by adding a column capital.
• Add shear reinforcement: Reinforcement
can be done by shear heads, anchor
bars, conventional stirrup cages and
studded steel strips.

RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 61

 5.10.2 Increasing
the Shear
Strength of Slab
Shearheads The shearheads consist of
standard structural steel
shapes (I or W) embedded
in the slab and projecting
beyond the column. They
serve to increase the
effective perimeter b0 of
the critical section for
shear.

62
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
 5.10.2 Increasing
the Shear
Strength of Slab
Conventional Stirrup
Cages
(Integral Beams with Vertical
Stirrups)

The spacing of the stirrup legs

in the first line of shear
reinforcement ≤2d  Stirrups are extended outward from the column until the concrete alone can carry
the shear stress.
 ACI Code 11.11.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least 150 mm, but not
less than 16 times the diameter of the shear reinforcement. Closed hoop stirrups
should be used, with a large-diameter horizontal bar at each bend point, and the 63
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi stirrups must be terminated with a standard hook.
 5.10.2 Increasing
the Shear
Strength of Slab
Anchor Bars

The total bar area crossing the

critical section at slope angle Anchor Bars consists of steel reinforcement rods or bent bar
reinforcement. The bars are usually bent at 45° across the potential
is: diagonal tension crack and extend along the bottom of the slab a
distance sufficient to develop their strength by bond

64
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi
 5.10.2  These devices are
composed of vertical
Increasing the bars with anchor heads
Shear Strength at their top, welded to a
steel strip at the
of Slab bottom.
 These devices are more
Headed Shear Studs
effective, according to
tests, than either the
bent bar or integral
beam reinforcement.
 Also, they can be placed
more easily, with less
interference with other
reinforcement.
is the area of the studs on a  The overall height of the
peripheral line and S is the spacing shear stud may not be
between the peripheral lines less than:
The between the shear stud rails≤2d

 The studs are extended

outward from the
column until the
concrete alone can carry
the shear.
RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 65
 Example: Design of an integral beam with vertical stirrups- The flat plate slab with h=190 mm and d=150 mm is carried
by 300 mm square columns 4.6 m on centers in each direction. A factored load of 534 kN must be transmitted from the
slab to a typical interior column. Concrete and steel strengths used are, respectively, f’c= 28 Mpa and fy = 420 MPa.
Determine if shear reinforcement is required for the slab; and if so, design integral beams with stirrups to carry the
excess shear.
Solution:
Compute the shear terms, find b0 for Vc:

ACI Code 11.11.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least 150 mm to use Stirrups→ OK
, Shear reinforcement can be used

RC1 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 66

 Example (cont):
• ACI code requires that when shear is resisted by combined action of concrete
and bar reinforcement, the concrete contribution is reduced to:

• The No. 10 (No. 3) vertical closed hoop stirrups will be used since .
• For interior column, the stirrups will be arranged along 4 integral beams .
• At the 1st critical section, the required
• The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete
alone can carry the shear, is found from the controlling Eq. by setting

Total length=a+d=269+150=419 mm
#of stirrups=419/75=5.6 → Use 6φ10mm@75mm c/c
The first stirrup is placed at S/2 = 38 mm ≤ d/2 = 75 mm from the column face,
this provide a total length in each direction of 38+6x75=488 mm

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 Example 5.1: For the two-way slabs
supported on beams form all sides,
the columns are 30cm X 30cm,
partitions load=2.40 kN/m2, covering
materials=1.5 kN/m2,Live Load = 4
kN/m2, f’c= 28 MPa = fy=420 MPa,
slab thickness = 16cm.
For the given data, design strip 1-2-
3-4 of the two-way slab for flexure.

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 68

 Example 5.1 (cont.):
Thickness is predetermined to
be 16cm, no need to be
checked.

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 Example 5.1 (cont.):
1- Calculate the total
factored load Wu:
Wu= 1.2(0.16x25+1.5+ 2.4) +
1.6 (4) = 15.9 kN/m2.
2- Determine The Total 138.3 138.3 138.3
Factored Static Moment
(Mo) :

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Example 5.1 (cont.):
3- Distribute Mo into
+ve and –ve moments :

96.8 89.9 89.9 96.8

22.1 22.1

78.8 48.4 78.8

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Example 5.1 (cont.):
4- Moments on the
column Strip :
Evaluate the constant Evaluate the constant

265x163x2
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 72
Example 5.1 (cont.):
4- Moments on the column Strip :

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 73

Example 5.1 (cont.):
0.69x0.65Mo
4- Moments on the column Strip : 0.69x0.7Mo

0.69x0.35Mo
5- Moments on the Middle Strip:
"The remain moment":

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Example 5.1 (cont.):
6- Moment On Beam :

RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 75

Example 5.1 (cont.):
7- Moment On Remained Slab :

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 Example 5.1 (cont.):
Notes:
• For each value of moment, ρ can be calculated, then As .
• Widths to used for design and ρ calculations are :
For the remained slab of column strip: b = 1.25-0.64=0.61m
For half middle strip: b= 3.15-1.25=1.9m
• Beam is designed as rectangular section of b=0.3 at –ve moments and as
T-section at +ve moments.

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 Example 5.2: A two-way floor system is composed of slab panels
measuring 6X7.5 m in plan, supported by shallow beams on all sides cast
monolithically with the slab. Using concrete with f’c=28 MPa and steel
with fy = 420 MPa, design a typical exterior panel to carry a service live
load of 7.0 kN/m2 in addition to the self-weight of the floor.
SOLUTION:
• The floor system satisfies all D.D.M limitations.
• To determine αf factor, a trial value of h = 180 mm will be introduced,
1
and beam dimensions 350 X 500 mm will be assumed, as shown in the
Figure (b).
4 2
• The effective flange projection beyond the face of the beam webs is the
lesser of 4hf=4(180)=720mm or hw=500-180=320mm, i.e., 320 mm.
3
320mm 320mm 320mm

180mm 180mm
4 1
320mm 2 320mm
3
350mm 350mm
RC2 By Dr. Ahmad Malkawi 78
 Example 5.2 (Cont.):

For the two 7.5 m long beams 1&3 →

For the 6 m long beam 2 →
1
For the edge beam 4→
4 2

3
For

180>166, the 180 mm depth adopted will provide the basis of

further calculation.

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 Example 5.2 (Cont.):
For a 180 mm slab, the dead load is 24 X 0.18 = 4.3 kN/m 2
The ultimate design load wu = 1.2 X 4.3 + 1.6 X 7.0 = 16.4 kN/m2
Short-span direction:
For the slab-beam strip centered on the interior column line, total static design moment is:
kN.m
This is distributed as follows:
Negative design moment= 491 X 0.65 = 319 kN-m
Positive design moment = 491 X 0.35 = 172 kN-m
The column strip has a width of 2 X 6.0/4 = 3.0 m. With l2 /l1 = 7.5/6.0 = 1.25 and αf2l2 /l1 = 2.0 X 7.5/6.0 = 2.5
Table13.4 indicates that 68% of the -M (319)= 217 kN-m, is taken by the column strip, of which 85%(217) = 184 kN-
m, is taken by the beam and 15%(217)= 33 kN-m by the slab. The remaining 32%= 102 kN-m is allotted to the slab
middle strip.
Table13.4 indicates that 68% of the +M (172) = 117 kN-m, is taken by the column strip, of which 85%(117)= 99 kN-
m, is assigned to the beam and 15%= 18 kN-m to the slab. The remaining 32%= 55 kN-m is taken by the slab
middle strip.

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 Example 5.2 (Cont.):
A similar analysis is performed for the slab-beam strip at the edge of the building, based on a total static design
moment of:
kN.m
65% of is assigned to the –M and 35% +M
In this case, αf4l2 /l1 = 2.8 X 7.5/6.0 = 3.5. The distribution factor for column-strip moment is 68% for +M and –M as
before, and again 85% of the column-strip moments is assigned to the beams.
In summary, the short-direction moments, in kN-m, are as follows:

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 Example 5.1 (Cont.):
Long-span direction
• The total static design moment in the long direction of the exterior panel is:
kN.m
• The slab is as an end span, the +ve and –ve moments proportions are found using Table 13.3.
• The moment ratios to be applied exterior –ve M, +ve M, and interior –ve M are, respectively, 0.16, 0.57, and 0.70.
• The torsional constant (C) for the 350 X 500 mm rectangular shape edge beam with a 180 X 320 mm projecting flange is:

• With , , and , Table 13.4 indicates that the column strip will take 91% of the exterior –M, 81% of the +M, and 81% of the
interior –M.
• As before, the column-line beam will account for 85% of the column-strip moment. The results of applying these moment
ratios are as follows:

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 • In the 7.5 m direction, the two half-
column strips may be combined for
purposes of calculation into one
strip of 3-0.35=2.65 m width.
• In the 6.0 m direction, the exterior
half-column strip and the interior
half-column strip will normally
differ and are treated separately.

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 • The short-direction +ve steel will be placed first, followed by the long-direction +ve bars.
• Using Cc=20mm and ɸ13 bars, d in the short direction will be 150 mm, while that in the long direction will be 140
mm. A similar situation occurs for the top steel.
• Find the minimum effective slab depth required for flexure. For the material strengths to be used, the maximum
practical reinforcement ratio is ρ0.005 = 0.0181. For this ratio,

• Both well below the depth dictated by deflection requirements.

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 • The minimum steel area Asmin = 0.0018bh must be provided for control of temperature and shrinkage cracking.
• For a 1 m slab strip, the corresponding area is 0.0018 X 180 X 1000 = 324 mm2. Expressed in terms of minimum
reinforcement ratio for actual effective depths, this gives

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 • The shear capacity of the slab is checked based on the tributary areas
shown in the Figure .
• At a distance d from the face of the long beam:

well above the shear applied at factored loads.

• Since no new concepts would be introduced, the design of the beams
will be left to the students.
• Since 0.85 X 91 = 77% of the exterior negative moment in the long
direction is carried directly to the column by the column-line beam in
this example, torsional stresses in the spandrel beam are very low and
may be disregarded.

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