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Lesson 2 Energy in The Ecosystem - 082125

Energy ecosystem

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9 views

Lesson 2 Energy in The Ecosystem - 082125

Energy ecosystem

Uploaded by

probitsadorospec
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 2

ENERGY IN THE
ECOSYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
1. Make a thorough observations of how
the energy flows in the ecosystem.
2. Make contributions to the construction
of a food chain and a food web.
Energy and Matter are
transformed from one organism
to another in food chains and
food webs. In this lesson, we will
survey aspects of energy flow and
material cycling within
ecosystem.
Matter
Everything that takes up space and has a
mass. With three interchangeable physical
forms or phase: solid, liquid, gas.

It is transformed and combined in different


ways, but it doesn’t disappear.
Energy

It is the capacity to do work,


such as moving matter over a
distance. It can take many forms
like heat energy and chemical
energy.
Energy in the Ecosystem

Energy is the ability to do work, the first


law of thermodynamics describes behavior
of energy and energy may be transformed
from one type to another but never
created or destroyed. The energy that an
organisms uses for its work comes from
the breakdown of organic molecules within
cells.
Major Categories of the
Trophic Level
 Producers or Autotrophs
- mainly green plants, photosynthetic
or they produce their own food from
simple inorganic materials.
 Consumers or Heterotrophs
- these are animals and other organisms which
cannot make their own foods directly from simple
inorganic materials they take in food that is
already formed by eating plants or other animals.
If the organism consume plants they are called
herbivores or primary consumers. If they
obtain their food by eating other animals they are
called carnivorous or secondary or tertiary
consumers.
 Decomposers

- these are dead animal, plants and


excretes their own food. They break down
dead organisms into simpler substances.
Some of these substances are absorbed
by the decomposers and others returned
to the environment.
QUICK CHECK!

HOW DO THE CONSUMERS


GET THE ENERGY THEY
NEED TO SURVIVE?
Various Types of Energy
 Gross Energy Intake = this is the food that the animal eats and
contain certain amount of stored energy.
 Excretory Energy = the process of digestion and assimilation is
not 100% efficient, other energy is lost in feces. The undigested,
unassimilated and excretory fractions are lumped together and
called excretory energy.
 Existence Energy = energy remaining is essentially all the
energy that the animal has to perform all its work. This is the
certain amount of energy required by the animal just for
existence.
 Productive Energy = the amount by which gross energy intake
is greater that existence plus excretory energy used for growing,
mating, nest budding or simply playing.
FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEBS,
TROPHIC STRUCTURE AND
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
Food Chain

 The transfer of energy from plants through a series of


organisms.

 In a food chain, producers absorb the sun’s energy


and pass it on to consumers and decomposers.

 The path by which organisms travel may be short and


simple or long or complicated.
To do…

 Keep log of everything you eat for one day.


 Classify:
Determine the food whether it is a
producer or a consumer.
 Classify: Which food did you list as consumers.
 Selecttwo foods from the consumer group and
draw a possible food chain for each. Do not forget
yourself. Did you include decomposers in your food
chain? Where do they fit?
Types of Food Chain
 Grazing Food Chain
- starts with green plants base to
grazing herbivores and then on carnivores.

 Detrital Food Chain


- goes from dead organisms or
organic matter into microorganisms then
to detritus feeding organisms and their
predators.
Links in the Food Chain
 Primary Consumer – organisms that eat producers, they are the
second link in the food chain after the producer.
 Secondary Consumer = organisms that eat the primary consumers
to gain energy. They make up the third link in the food chain.
 Tertiary Consumer = they are the top predator in the food chain.
They usually many producers and few tertiary consumer.

* Decomposer are present throughout the food chain to break down the
remains of dead plants and animals. The remains of these plants and
animals breaks down into nutrients which can be useful to the
producers. This will complete the cycle and allows another food chain to
begin.
Food Web
A food web is a series of overlapping
food chains.

 It
shows the roles and relationships of
among all the species in an ecosystem.
 Herbivores
- primary consumers or animals that eat producers
- on land, herbivores have flat-edged teeth in front of their mouth for tearing
plant materials.
 Carnivores
- these are secondary and tertiary consumers, animals that eat other animals.
- some carnivores rip into prey with their sharp incisors and canine teeth or with
their beaks.
 Omnivores
- these are animals that eat both producers and consumers.
 Predators
- animals that eat hunt and kill other living things for food. The animals they
hunt are the prey.
 Scavengers
-they seek out the remains of dead organism to eat. They eat meat without
hunting or killing the prey.
QUICK CHECK!

WHICH ROLES IN A FOOD


WEB COULD PEOPLE PLAY?
Marine Food Web
 Marinefood web also begins with a producers, in the
ocean, these are the phytoplankton.
 Phytoplanktondepend on sunlight to carry out
photosynthesis.
 Thesize of their population depends on the sunlight
that can penetrates the water.
 Oceanis divided into different areas depending on the
amount of sunlight that receive and the water
temperature.
 Intertidal Zone = the area of the ocean at the edge of the land. This area is
affected by change in high and low tides. This zone supports a variety of
organism.
 Ocean Zone = from just beyond the low-tide line to the point where the ocean
begins is an area where sunlight penetrates and water are calmers. It is where
you can find some of the world’s magnificent underwater habitat. This is also a
region of complex food webs with predators and many types of prey at every
feeding level. In the open ocean lies the three main zones these are:
 Top or Sunlight = zone that reaches from the surface down to about 200
meters or 656 feet. Plankton live near the surface where there is light. Other
marine organisms like squid, octopus, whales, fish and other marine
organisms feed on the plankton.
 Twilight zone = this is between 200 meters to 1000 meters, the zone where
it is dark and cold with little food available. Marine organisms that live in this
zone have adapted to this condition.
 Midnight zone = marine organisms that grows and live here are eyeless.
Totally dark and no photosynthetic organisms can live here.
QUICK CHECK!

WHAT DO LAND FOOD AND


MARINE FOOD WEBS HAVE IN
COMMON?
Energy Pyramid
 A model that shows how energy moves through a food chain.
 Producers always make up the base of the pyramid.
 Indicates reduction in the availability of energy between different trophic
levels. Greater amount energy by respiration increases progressively from
lower to higher trophic level.

Pyramid of Numbers
= it illustrates population density relationship within and between the trophic
levels.

Pyramid of Biomass
= it shows a decrease in the biomass from the higher trophic levels.

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