Scribd
Upload
17 views

Lighting and Architectural Lighting Systems - Part 1

Uploaded by

asistinfilamy223
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Lighting and Architectural Lighting Systems - Part 1

Uploaded by

asistinfilamy223
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

LIGHTING AND

ARCHITECTURAL
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ILLUMINATION
Illumination or Illuminance (E)

– It is the intensity of light per unit area. It is measured by the normal


luminous flux per unit area received by it.
E=Φ/A

Where: E = Illumination
Φ = Luminous flux
A = Area of the surface being illuminated
UNITS OF ILLUMINATION
System of Units Luminous Flux (Φ ) Area (A) Illumination (E)
MKS lumen m² lumen/m² = lux (lx)
or meter-candle
CGS lumen cm² lumen/cm² = Phot
(ph)

English lumen ft² lumen/ft² = foot-


candle (fc)

1 footcandle = 10.76 lux


1 phot = 10,000 lux
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
1) Light – it is the energy radiated in the form of waves which produces the

sensation of vision to the eyes. It may be natural light from the sun or the
artificial light from the means created by human beings.

2) Visible light – is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum capable o

exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual sensation.

3) Brightness – it is the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing light

sources and backgrounds.


TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
4) Color – it is defined as the quality of visual sensation which is associated

with the spectral distribution of light. Visible light can have length between
4,000 A TO 7, 500 A.
Glare – it is a strong steady dazzling light.
5) Reflection Factor or Coefficient of Reflection or Reflectance (p)

- it is given by the ratio of luminous flux reflected from a small area of a surface
to the total flux incident upon it. It depends upon the characteristics and the color
of the surroundings, i.e. walls and ceilings, etc.
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
p = reflected light / incident light
p+α=1

Where: α = absorptance of the surface

Note:
It is always less than 1. Its value is zero for ideal “ black body” and unity for
perfect reflector.
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
7) Transmittance (T) of an illuminated Diffuse Reflecting Surface

- It is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux transmitted to it to the total
flux incident on it.
8) Absorptance (α) – it is the ratio of the light absorbed versus the light striking

the surface.
9) Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor(η) – it is the ratio of lumens

actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted by the


luminous source
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
η = Φreceived / Φemitted

Where:

Φreceived = total lumens received by the working plane


Φemitted = total lumens emitted by the light source
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
 Factors affecting utilization factor:
Kind of lighting system
Type and mounting height of the fittings
Color of surface and surrounding
Shape and size of the room

 The utilization factor varies from:


0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
9) Maintenance Factor (MF) – it is the factor related to the cleanliness of the

lamp including the room, replacement of lamp after recommend life, etc.
MF = Illumination when everything is new / Illumination under actual condition
 Factors affecting maintenance factor:
Dusk, dirt, etc.
Blacking of filament (light emitted decreases)

 The maintenance factor varies from:

 0.60 to 0.80
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
10) Depreciation Factor (DF) – it is the reciprocal of maintenance factor.

Its value is more than unity.


DF = initial candle meters / ultimate candle meters on the working plane

DF = LLD x LDD x RSDD x LBO

Where: LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor


LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
The expression for gross lumens required taking into consideration the
utilization and maintenance factors
Φ = E x A / η x MF

Where: E = illumination
A = area of the working plane to be illuminated
MF = maintenance factor
η = utilization maintenance factor factor
TERMS, QUANTITIES AND CONVERSION FACTORS
11) Specific Output or Light Efficiency or Efficacy – it is the ratio of the luminous

flux to the power intake. Its unit is lumens / watt ( lm / W ).


Efficacy = lumens output / wattage consumed

Average efficacy of various types of lamps:


Type of Lamp Lumens per watt

Fluorescent Lamp 50 – 80
Incandescent Lamp 14 – 20
Mercury Lamp 40 – 70
Metal Halide Lamp 60 – 80
Sodium Lamp 90 – 100
Tungsten Halogen Lamp 16 - 20
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1) A room 8m x 12m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform illumination of 100

lux. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given tat the output of
each lamp is 1, 600 lumens.
Solution:

Φemitted = 15(1600) = 24, 000 lm


Φreceived = E X A = (100)(8 X 12) = 9, 600 lm
η = Φreceived / Φemitted = 9, 600 / 24, 000 = 0.4 = 40%
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2) The illumination in a drawing office 30 m x 10 m is to have a value of 250 lux

and is to be provided by a number 0f 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient


of utilization = 0.4 and the maintenance factor = 0.9, determine the number of
lamps required. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.
Solution:

Φtotal = E x A / η x MF = 250(30 x 10) / 0.4 x 0.9 = 208, 333.33 lm


Φlamp = 300 X 14 = 4, 200 lm
Number of lamps = 208, 333.33 lm / 4, 200 lm = 49.60 = 50 lamps
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3) A football pitch 120 m x 60 m is to be illuminated for night play by similar

banks of equal 1000 W lamps supported on twelve towers which are


distributed around the ground to provide approximately uniform illumination
of the pitch. Assuming that 40% of the total light emitted reaches the playing
pitch and that an illumination of 1000 lux is necessary for television purposes,
calculate the number of lamps on each tower. The overall efficiency of the
lamp is to be taken as 30 lm/W. Assume unity maintenance factor.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Solution:

Φtotal = E x A / η x MF = 1, 000(120 x 60) / 0.4 x 1 = 18 x 10 lm


6

Φtower = 18 x 10 lm / 12 = 1.5 x 10 lm
6 6

Φlamps = 1, 000 lux / 30 lm/W = 30, 000 lm

6
Number of lamps = 1.5 x 10 lm / 30, 000 lm = 50 lamps / tower
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4) Design a suitable lighting scheme for a factory 120 m x 40 m with a height of

7m. Illumination required is 60 lux. State the number of fittings to be used for
40 W fluorescent tubes giving 45 lm/W . Depreciation factor = 1.2; utilization
factor = 0.5 . Twin tube fittings are t be employed.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Solution:

Φtotal = E x A / η x MF = 60(120 x 40) / 0.5 x (1 / 1.2) = 691, 200 lm


Φtube = 40 X 45 = 1, 800 lm
Number of fluorescent tubes = 691, 200 lm / 1, 800 lm = 384 tubes
If twin tube fittings are employed,
Number of fittings = 384 tubes / 2 = 192 fittings
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
5) A school classroom, 7 m x 10 m x 4 m high is to be illuminated to 135 lux on

the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.45 and the sources give
13 lumens per watt, determine the total wattage required, assuming a
maintenance factor of 0.8 . Determine also the number of fittings required.
Sketch roughly the lighting plan of the room, showing suitable positions for
fitting. Use fitting of 200 W.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Solution:

Φtotal = E x A / η x MF = 135(7 x 10) / 0.45 x 0.8 = 26, 250 lm


Total wattage 26, 250 lm / 13 = 2, 019.23 W

Number of fittings required = 2, 019.23 W / 200 W = 10 fittings


THE END

You might also like