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Lab 10

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

Lab 10

Uploaded by

Ali Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

Using DDL Statements

to Create and Manage Tables


Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 2
Database Objects

Object Description
Table Basic unit of storage; composed of rows
View Logically represents subsets of data from one or
more tables
Sequence Generates numeric values
Index Improves the performance of some queries

Synonym Gives alternative name to an object

10 - 3
Naming Rules

Table names and column names:


• Must begin with a letter
• Must be 1–30 characters long
• Must contain only A–Z, a–z, 0–9, _, $, and #
• Must not duplicate the name of another object owned by
the same user
• Must not be an Oracle server–reserved word

10 - 4
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 5
CREATE TABLE
Statement
• You must have:
– CREATE TABLE
privilege
– A storage
CREATE area
TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr][, ...]);
• You specify:
– Table name
– Column name, column data type, and column size

10 - 6
Referencing Another User’s Tables

• Tables belonging to other users are not in the user’s


schema.
• You should use the owner’s name as a prefix to those
tables.

USERA USERB
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM FROM
userB.employe userA.employe
es; es;

10 - 7
DEFAULT
Option
• Specify a default value for a column during an insert.

... hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, ...

• Literal values, expressions, or SQL functions are legal


values.
• Another column’s name are illegal values.
• The default data type must match the column data
type.

CREATE TABLE hire_dates


(id NUMBER(8),
hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);

10 - 8
Creating Tables

• Create the table:


CREATE TABLE dept
(deptno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14),
loc
VARCHAR2(13),
create_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);

• Confirm table creation:


DESCRIBE dept

10 - 9
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 10
Data Types

Data Type Description


VARCHAR2(size) Variable-length character data
CHAR(size) Fixed-length character data
NUMBER(p,s) Variable-length numeric data
DATE Date and time values
LONG Variable-length character data (up to 2 GB)
CLOB Character data (up to 4 GB)
RAW and LONG Raw binary data
RAW
BLOB Binary data (up to 4 GB)
BFILE Binary data stored in an external file (up to 4 GB)
ROWID A base-64 number system representing the unique
address of a row in its table

10 - 11
Datetime Data Types

You can use several datetime data types:

Data Type Description


TIMESTAMP Date with fractional seconds
INTERVAL YEAR TO Stored as an interval of years
MONTH and months
INTERVAL DAY TO Stored as an interval of days, hours, minutes,
SECOND and seconds

10 - 14
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 15
Including Constraints

• Constraints enforce rules at the table level.


• Constraints prevent the deletion of a table if there
are dependencies.
• The following constraint types are valid:
– NOT NULL
– UNIQUE
– PRIMARY KEY
– FOREIGN KEY
– CHECK

10 - 16
Constraint Guidelines

• You can name a constraint, or the Oracle server generates


a name by using the SYS_Cn format.
• Create a constraint at either of the following times:
– At the same time as the creation of the table
– After the creation of the table
• Define a constraint at the column or table level.

10 - 17
Defining Constraints

• Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint],
...
[table_constraint][,...]);
• Column-level constraint syntax:
column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type,
• Table-level constraint syntax:
column,...
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
(column, ...),

10 - 18
Defining Constraints

• Example of a column-level constraint:


CREATE TABLE employees(
employee_id NUMBER(6)
CONSTRAINT 1
emp_emp_id_pk VARCHAR2(20),
first_name
PRIMARY KEY,
...);
• Example of a table-level constraint:
CREATE TABLE employees(
employee_id NUMBER(6),
first_name VARCHAR2(20),
...
job_id VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
2
CONSTRAINT emp_emp_id_pk
PRIMARY KEY (EMPLOYEE_ID));

10 - 19
NOT NULL
Constraint
Ensures that null values are not permitted for the column:


NOT NULL constraint Absence of NOT NULL
(Primary Key enforces NOT NULL constraint (Any row can
NOT NULL constraint contain a null value for
constraint.) this column.)

10 - 20
UNIQUE
Constraint

UNIQUE
EMPLOYEES constraint


INSERT INTO

Allowed
Not allowed:
already exists

10 - 21
UNIQUE
Constraint
Defined at either the table level or the column level:
CREATE TABLE employees(
employee_id NUMBER(6),
last_name VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR2(25),
salary NUMBER(8,2),
commission_pct NUMBER(2,2),
hire_date DATE NOT NULL,
...
CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE(email));

10 - 22
PRIMARY KEY
Constraint

DEPARTMENTS PRIMARY KEY

Not allowed INSERT INTO


(null value)

Not allowed
(50 already exists)

10 - 23
FOREIGN KEY
Constraint
DEPARTMENTS
PRIMARY
KEY


EMPLOYEES
FOREIGN
KEY


INSERT INTO Not allowed
(9 does not
exist)
Allowed

10 - 24
FOREIGN KEY
Constraint
Defined at either the table level or the column level:

CREATE TABLE employees(


employee_id NUMBER(6),
last_name VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR2(25),
salary NUMBER(8,2),
commission_pct NUMBER(2,2),
hire_date DATE NOT NULL,
...
department_id
NUMBER(4),
CONSTRAINT emp_dept_fk FOREIGN KEY (department_id)
REFERENCES departments(department_id),
CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE(email));

10 - 25
FOREIGN KEY
Constraint:
• Keywords
FOREIGN KEY: Defines the column in the child table at
the table-constraint level
• REFERENCES: Identifies the table and column in the parent
table
• ON DELETE CASCADE: Deletes the dependent rows in
the child table when a row in the parent table is deleted
• ON DELETE SET NULL: Converts dependent foreign
key values to null

10 - 26
CHECK
Constraint
• Defines a condition that each row must satisfy

..., salary NUMBER(2)


CONSTRAINT emp_salary_min
CHECK (salary >
0),...

10 - 27
CREATE TABLE:
CREATE TABLE Example
employees
( employee_id NUMBER(6)
CONSTRAINT emp_employee_id PRIMARY KEY
, first_name VARCHAR2(20)
, last_name VARCHAR2(25)
CONSTRAINT emp_last_name_nn NOT NULL
, email VARCHAR2(25)
CONSTRAINT emp_email_ NOT NULL
nn UNIQUE
CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk
, phone_number DATE
VARCHAR2(20)
, hire_date emp_hire_date_nn NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT VARCHAR2(10)
, job_id emp_job_nn NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT NUMBER(8,2)
, salary emp_sala CHECK (salary>0)
, commission_pct
CONSTRAINT NUMBER(2,2)
ry_ck
, manager_id NUMBER(6)
CONSTRAINT emp_manager_fk REFERENCES
employees (employee_id)
, department_id NUMBER(4)
CONSTRAINT emp_dept_fk
departments REFERENCES
(department_id));

10 - 28
Violating Constraints

UPDATE employees
SET department_id = 55
WHERE department_id =
110;

Department 55 does not exist.

10 - 29
Violating Constraints

You cannot delete a row that contains a primary key that is


used as a foreign key in another table.

DELETE FROM departments


WHERE department_id = 60;

10 - 30
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 31
Creating a Table
Using a Subquery
• Create a table and insert rows by combining the CREATE
TABLE statement and the AS subquery option.
CREATE TABLE table
[(column, column...)]
AS subquery;
• Match the number of specified columns to the number of
subquery columns.
• Define columns with column names and default values.

10 - 32
Creating a Table
Using a Subquery

CREATE TABLE dept80


AS
SELECT employee_id, last_name,
salary*12 ANNSAL,
hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;

DESCRIBE dept80

10 - 33
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 34
ALTER TABLE
Statement
Use the ALTER TABLE statement to:
• Add a new column
• Modify an existing column definition
• Define a default value for the new column
• Drop a column
• Change table to read-only status

10 - 35
ALTER TABLE
Statement
Use the ALTER TABLE statement to:

• To add column
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (col_name1 DATATYPE CONSTRAINT [,
col_name2 DATATYPE CONSTRAINT, …] );

• To modify column
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (col_name1 DATATYPE CONSTRAINT [,
col_name2 DATATYPE CONSTRAINT] );

• To drop column
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP (col_name1 [, col_name2, …]);

10 - 35
Read-Only Tables

You can use the ALTER TABLE syntax to:


• Put a table into read-only mode, which prevents DDL or
DML changes during table maintenance
• Put the table back into read/write mode

ALTER TABLE employees READ ONLY;

-- perform table maintenance and then


-- return table back to read/write mode

ALTER TABLE employees READ WRITE;

10 - 36
Lesson Agenda

• Database objects
– Naming rules
• CREATE TABLE statement:
– Access another user’s tables
– DEFAULT option
• Data types
• Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK
constraints
• Creating a table using a subquery
• ALTER TABLE
– Read-only tables
• DROP TABLE statement

10 - 37
Dropping a Table

• Moves a table to the recycle bin


• Removes the table and all its data entirely if the PURGE
clause is specified
• Invalidates dependent objects and removes object
privileges on the table

DROP TABLE dept80;

10 - 38
Thank you

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