7a. Direct Retainers Final
7a. Direct Retainers Final
• Definition
• Components
• CLASP ASSEMBLY
• thepart of a removable partial denture that acts as a direct retainer and/or
stabilizer for a prosthesis by partially encompassing or contacting an
abutment tooth
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS OF A CLASP
ASSEMBLY
• Retentive Arm
• Retentive Terminal
• Reciprocal Arm
• Rest
• Body
• Minor Minor
Connector Res
t Connecto
r
PRINCIPLES OF
CLASP DESIGN
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASP DESIGN
1. Principle of encirclement
• Engagement of more than 180 degrees of the tooth surface,
in the greatest circumference by the clasp assembly. It limits
the freedom of displacement of the clasp assembly.
• Types of Encirclement:
I. continuous contact such as in circumferential clasp
II. discontinuous contact such as in bar clasp.
• Provided by: at least 3 point contact encircling the tooth:
0cclusal rest area
retentive tip
reciprocal clasp terminal area.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASP DESIGN
• Figure 7-1
Lingual Lingual
Lingu
al degrees of greatest
A. Line drawn through illustration represents 180
circumference of abutment from occlusal rest. Unless portions of lingual
reciprocal arm and retentive
buccal arm are extended beyond the line, clasp would not accomplish its
intended purpose. If respective arms of retainer were not extended
beyond the line, abutment tooth could be forced away from retainer by
torqueing action of clasp or removable partial denture could move away
from abutment.
B. Bar-type clasp assembly engagement of more than 1 80 degrees of
circumference of abutment is realized by minor connector for occlusal
rest, minor connector contacting guiding plane on distal proximal surface,
and retentive bar arm.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASP DESIGN
2. Support
Provided by: Occlusal rest
It prevents the movement of the clasp arms cervically.
3. Reciprocity
Each retentive terminal should be opposed by a reciprocal component
capable of resisting any transient pressures exerted by the retentive
arm during placement and removal.
Provided by: Stabilizing and reciprocal components which must be rigidly
connected bilaterally to provide reciprocation of the retentive elements
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASP DESIGN
Semiprecisi Flexible
Precision Clasp Attachment
on clips or
attachment Assemblies s
attachment rings
Suprabuldg
e Clasp
Infrabuldge
Clasp
TYPES OF DIRECT RETAINERS
INTRACORONAL RETAINER
• Within
the restored natural
contours of abutment tooth
• May be cast or attached
• Keyand keyway design with
parallel walls
• Frictional resistance
• First
formulated by Dr Herman
E.S Chayes in 1906
TYPES OF DIRECT RETAINERS
EXTRACORONAL RETAINER
• External to restored natural tooth contours
• Not aesthetic
• Provides mechanical resistance
•3 principle forms
TYPES OF CLASP
ASSEMBLIES
TYPES OF CLASP ASSEMBLIES
• Clasps Designed to Accommodate Functional Movement
• Clasps Designed Without Movement Accommodation
Clasps Designed to Accommodate
Functional Movement
• Designed for distal extension bases with differential
support
• Address the class 1 lever action
•2 strategies are adopted to overcome the harmful
tipping forces
1. 1. changing the fulcrum by mesial rest concept ( RPI,
RPA system)
2. 2. use of a flexible retentive arm (Combination Clasp)
Clasps Designed to Accommodate
Functional Movement
I Bar
• MESIAL REST CONCEPT
1. RPI system
Proximal Plate Rest
2. RPA system (Akers Clasp)
Akers
Clasp
RPI system
Back-action circumferential
clasp used on premolar
abutment anterior to
edentulous space.
Multiple clasp
DESIGN
two opposing circumferential clasps joined at
the terminal end of the two reciprocal arms
•2 rests on opposing sides of adjacent teeth
•2 reciprocal arms ( joined)
•2 retentive arms ( free/ not joined)
Multiple clasp
INDICATIONS
1. when additional retention and stabilization are needed (on tooth-
supported partial dentures)
2. when partial denture replaces an entire half of the dental arch.
3. when the only available retentive areas are adjacent to each other.
Disadvantage
Two embrasures are approached hence increased tooth preparation
required.
Half-and-half clasp
DESIGN
•2 minor connectors
• circumferential
retentive arm arising from primary
minor connector, along with primary rest
• reciprocalarm arising from another with or without
an auxiliary occlusal rest.
CONTRAINDICATION
• bilateral distal extension base partial dentures
INDICATION
• unilateral partial denture this design provide dual
retention
REVERSE-ACTION Clasp
• Hairpin Clasp
AIM
• Toengage proximal undercut
from occlusal approach
DESIGN
• Upperpart of pin acts as a minor
connector
• Tapered lower part acts as a
retentive part
• Bendshould be rounded to
prevent stress accumulation and
subsequent fracture
REVERSE-ACTION Clasp
INDICATION
1. Titled tooth (bar clasp contraindicated)
2. When ring clasp cant be used due to lingual undercut and placement of supporting
strut not possible without tongue interference.
DISADVANTAGES
• Food impaction
• Tooth coverage
• Increased functional load on tooth
• Limited flexibility
• Poor aesthetics
THANK YOU
Any questions?
ANALYSIS OF TOOTH
CONTOURS FOR
RETENTIVE CLASPS
ANALYSIS OF TOOTH CONTOURS FOR RETENTIVE CLASPS
Horizontal
arm Movable
vertical
arm/spindle
Fixed vertical
arm Adjustable
table
Base
Platform
THE CAST SURVEYOR
ANALYSIS OF TOOTH CONTOURS FOR
RETENTIVE CLASPS
• Important working parts
• Movable vertical arm
• Adjustable table
• Suprabulge area
• Portion of a crown that slopes or converges towards the occlusal surface (above the
height of contour)
• Infrabulge area
• Portion of a crown that slopes or converges towards the gingival surface (below the
height of contour)
• Angle formed by the tooth surface apical to the height of contour with the
vertical plane, when
the occlusal surface of the tooth is in
the horizontal plane
• Triangle visible below height of contour
• Apex is at height of contour
• Base is at gingival margin
• Angle at the apex is the angle of cervical or gingival convergence
• If favorable retentive areas are not found for a given path of placement
• Some other path of placement should be found
• Tilting the cast on the model table until a desirable path of placement is reached
• Most advantageous position to create guiding planes is with the model table
in horizontal position and occlusal plane parallel to the model table
• Retention
• Stabilization
• Support
• Encirclement
• Reciprocity
• Passivity
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
• “Quality
inherent in a dental prosthesis acting to resist the forces of
dislodgment along the path of placement”
RETENTION
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
• Basedon the resistance to deformation of metal or alloy used in
construction of the clasp
When a dislodging
Placement of force attempts to
retentive clasp arm lift the denture…
in measured
undercut
(preferably in
cervical third of
Retentive arm is
abutment crown)
forced to deform as
Resistance to deformation of the clasp it passes from the
arm accounts for retention of the undercut area over
prosthesis
RETENTION the height of
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
• Retention of clasps is related to…
• Amount of tooth undercut engaged
Major factors
• Resiliency of the retentive clasp arm
• Frictional resistance
• Amount of tooth surface covered
• Intimacy of tooth-to-clasp contact
• Material used in construction
• Direction of approach of the retentive terminal
RETENTION
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
• Amount of tooth undercut engaged 6. Type of alloy
1. Size of angle of cervical 7. Heat treatment of alloy
convergence
2. Distance travelled by clasp
terminal into the angle of cervical
convergence
• Resiliency of the retentive clasp
arm
1. Length
2. Diameter
3. Cross-sectional form
4. Taper of clasp arm
5. Kind of alloy
RETENTION
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
SIZE OF & DISTANCE INTO ANGLE OF CERVICAL
CONVERGENCE
• Angle formed by the tooth surface apical to the height of contour with the
vertical plane, when the occlusal surface of the tooth is in the horizontal
plane
RETENTION
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
SIZE OF & DISTANCE INTO ANGLE OF CERVICAL
CONVERGENCE
RETENTION
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROPERLY
DESIGNED CLASP
• Resiliency
• “Capability of the clasp arm to recover from momentary distortion when
forced past the height of contour”
• Also called… flexibility
• Wrought form of an alloy is more resilient than cast form of the same
alloy
• By being drawn into a wire
• Internal structure of the alloy changes
• Accounts for greater toughness in wrought wire clasp than that of a cast
clasp
• 25% greater tensile strength of wrought form of alloy
• Cast chromium-cobalt alloy has less resiliency than cast gold alloy
• Chromium alloys have higher modulus of elasticity
Intrac
oronal • Precision attachments
retain
er / • Semiprecision attachments
Intern
al
Attatc
hment
s
TYPES OF DIRECT RETAINERS
INTRACORONAL RETAINER
• Within
the restored natural
contours of abutment tooth
• May be cast or attached
• Keyand keyway design with
parallel walls
• Frictional resistance
• First
formulated by Dr Herman
E.S Chayes in 1906
TYPES OF DIRECT RETAINERS
EXTRACORONAL RETAINER
• External to restored natural tooth contours
• Not aesthetic
• Provides mechanical resistance
•3 principle forms
PRECISION ATTATCHMENTS
Extracoronal
precision attachment Intracoronal precision
PRECISION ATTACHMENT attachment
PRECISION ATTATCHMENTS
•A retainer system consisting of a male and a female part
• The male part (matrix) is usually contained within the normal or expanded
contours of a crown on the abutment tooth
• The female part (patrix) is usually attached to or embedded in the partial denture
framework
PRECISION ATTACHMENT