VASCULAR SYSTEM

GROUP 6
MEMBERS
 ADONIS
 BELEN
 CALIGTAN
 INHUMANG
 LICYAYO
 NAMINGIT
 RAMIREZ
CONTENTS
 ANGIOGRAPHY
 AORTOGRAPHY
 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
 CEREBRAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
 ANGIO-CARDIOGRAPHY
 VENOGRAPHY
 SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY
 RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
 PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY
ANGIOGRAPHY
ANGIOGRAPHY

 general term that describes the radiologic examination of vascular

structures within the body after the introduction of an iodinated contrast

medium or gas.

 used to identify the anatomy or pathologic process of blood vessels.

 Cerebral angiography is performed to detect and verify the existence and

exact position of an intracranial vascular lesion such as an aneurysm.

 ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 CONTRAST MEDIA

 Opaque contrast medium is used in angiographic studies, and use organic

iodine solutions. Injection of iodinated contrast medium may cause undesirable

consequences.

 The contrast is subsequently filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys. It

causes physiologic cardiovascular side effects, including peripheral

vasodilation, blood pressure decreased, and cardiotoxicity.

 Contrast medium is clearly one of the significant risks in angiography.

 ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 INJECTION TECHNIQUE

 Selective injection through a catheter involves placing the catheter within a

vessel so that the vessel and its major branches are opacified.

 Automatic injector have controls to set the injection rate, injection volume, and

maximum pressure.

 opacifying contrast medium is often carried away from the area of interest by

blood flow, the injection and demonstration of opacified vessels usually occur

simultaneously.
ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES

 EQUIPMENT

 Most angiograms record flowing contrast medium in a series of images:

rapid film changers, cinefluorography devices, or digital subtraction

angiography (DSA).
 ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 EQUIPMENT

 Fluoroscopy, cine, and DSA systems- photographs the output phosphor of an

image intensification system.

 DSA- the fluoroscopic image is digitized into serial Images that are stored by a

computer.

 cine camera uses 1 6- or 35-mm roll film and usually can achieve sequential

exposure rates of up to 60 frames or more per second.

 Emergency equipment- defibrillator for the heart, and anesthesia apparatus.

MODERN BIPLNE DIGITAL ANIOGRAPHIC SUITE
RAPID FILM CHANGER DSA
ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 MAGNIFICATION

 occurs both intentionally and unintentionally in angiographic imaging

sequences.

 Intentional use of magnification can result in a significant increase in

resolution of fine vessel recorded detail.

 Short exposure time is maintained by the use of the air gap rather than the

grid to control scatter radiation.

ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 PATIENT CARE

 appropriate to explain the process and the potential complications to the

patient.

 patient's legs should be elevated, and IV fluids may be administered to help

restore blood pressure.

 Patients are usually restricted to clear liquid intake and routine medications

before undergoing angiography.

AORTOGRAPHY
AORTOGRAPHY

 Aortography

 A medical imaging technique used to visualize the aorta by injecting a contrast dye and

taking X-ray images. It helps diagnose issues like aneurysms, dissections, and blockages in

the aorta.

 utilizing the Seldinger technique. Aortography is usually performed with the patient in the

supine position for simultaneous frontal and lateral imaging with the central ray

perpendicular to the imaging system.

AORTOGRAPHY

 Thoracic Aortography

 Thoracic aortography may be

performed to rule out an aortic

aneurysm or to evaluate congenital or

post surgical conditions.

 The examination is also used in

patients with aortic dissection.

AORTOGRAPHY

 Abdominal Aortography

 Abdominal aortography may be

performed to evaluate abdominal

aortic aneurysm,

occlusion, or atherosclerotic

disease.

 Simultaneous AP and lateral

projections are recommended.

AORTOGRAPHY

 Aortography

 Aortography is crucial because it provides detailed images of the aorta, which is vital for

diagnosing serious conditions like aneurysms, dissections, and blockages. Early detection

through aortography can prevent catastrophic events by allowing timely medical or surgical

intervention. It's essential in planning and guiding treatments, ensuring accurate and

effective care for patients with aortic diseases. So, it's a key player in saving lives when it

comes to aortic health.

 CARDIAC
CATHETERIZATION
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
 CATHETERIZATION is a medical procedure where a long, thin tube called a

catheter is inserted into a body cavity, duct, or blood vessel. Its purpose
varies, but in cardiac catheterization, it's primarily used to diagnose and
treat heart conditions by accessing the heart and its blood vessels. This
allows doctors to get a detailed view and perform treatments without
needing more invasive surgery.
 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION is a
comprehensive term used to describe
a minor surgical procedure involving
the introduction of specialized
catheters into the heart and
surrounding vasculature for the
purpose of diagnostic evaluation and
therapy (intervention) associated with
a variety of cardiovascular-related
disorder in both children and adults.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

 classified as either a diagnostic procedure or an interventional

procedure. The primary purpose of diagnostic procedures is to
collect data necessary to evaluate the patient's condition. Cardiac
interventional procedures involve the application of therapeutic
measures through catheter-based systems or other mechanical
means to treat disorders of the vascular and conduction systems
within the heart.
 is performed to identify the anatomic and physiologic condition of
the heart.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
 Cardiac catheterization is often used for various heart-related conditions:

 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This is when the arteries supplying blood to the
heart become narrowed or blocked,
 Heart Valve Disease: Conditions like aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation where
the heart valves don't function properly.
 Congenital Heart Defects: Structural issues in the heart present from birth.

 Cardiomyopathy: Diseases of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.

 Heart Failure: When the heart is not pumping blood as efficiently as it should.

 Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats that might need detailed assessment or ablation

during catheterization.
PRECATHETERIZATION CARE
 Before the catheterization is performed, the procedure is explained and informed
consent is obtained. Testing before catheterization normally includes the following:

1. Patient history

2. Physical examination

3. Chest x-ray examination

4. Blood work

5. ECG

6. Exercise stress test

 Various medications are frequently administered for sedation and control of

nausea.
 PREPARATION

1. The patient is usually asked to fast for 4-6 hours before the
procedure
 An IV line is started to administer fluids and medications

2. Access: A small incision is made, usually in the groin (femoral

artery) or wrist (radial artery)
 A catheter (a long, thin tube) is inserted into a blood vessel and
carefully guided to the heart

3. Contrast Injection: A contrast dye is injected through the catheter

to visualize the heart's blood vessels and chambers on X-ray images
4. Imaging and Measurements: The doctor takes detailed images
(angiograms) and measures pressures within the heart chambers and
blood vessels

5. Intervention (if needed): Depending on the findings, additional

procedures like angioplasty (to open blocked arteries), stent placement,
or valve repair/replacement might be performed during the same
session

6. Completion: Once the necessary procedures are done, the

catheter is removed, and the incision site is closed.

CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR CARDIAC
CATHETERIZATION
 Relative contraindications according to the guidelines of the ACC-
AHA' include the following:

1. Active gastrointestinal bleeding

2. Acute or chronic renal failure

3. Recent stroke

4. Fever from infection or the presence of an active infection

5. Severe electrolyte imbalance

FACTORS
The factors that increase the risk of complications during cardiac
catheterization include:

1. Critical condition (moribund): Patients who are already in a life-

threatening state.

2. Cardiogenic shock: A severe condition where the heart is unable to

pump enough blood.

3. Recent heart attack: Especially if it happened within the last 24 hours.

4. Poor kidney function: Renal insufficiency can complicate the procedure.

5. Heart muscle disease: Cardiomyopathy makes the heart more vulnerable

 EQUIPMENTS:

Guidewires are thin, flexible wires used in

medical procedures to guide catheters and
other devices through blood vessels or other
pathways in the body. In cardiac
catheterization, guidewires are essential for
Fig. 26-99 Various needles utilized during cardiac navigating through the complex network of
catheterization. arteries to reach specific areas of the heart.
They provide support, help in positioning
devices like stents, and ensure accurate
delivery of treatments.
 Judkins Right (A): This catheter is
specifically shaped to access the right
coronary artery. Its design helps it navigate
the path to the artery with ease, providing
the doctor with a clear view of any
blockages or issues.

 Judkins Left (B): Similar to the Judkins

Right, this catheter is designed to access
the left coronary artery. Its unique shape
ensures it can easily reach and visualize the
left side of the heart's arterial system.

 Pigtail (C): This catheter has a distinctive

coiled end, resembling a pig's tail, hence
the name. It's commonly used for left
ventriculography, which involves visualizing
the left ventricle (the main pumping
chamber of the heart) to assess its function Catheters used during cardiac catheterization:
and structure. A. Judkins right; B. Judkins left; C. Pigtail.
 a sheath is a thin, flexible tube that is
inserted into an artery to provide a
stable entry point for catheters and
other equipment. The sheath helps
guide the catheter through the blood
vessels and minimizes trauma to the
artery walls.
MACHINES

CARIAC CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
 Cardiac catheterization is crucial for several reasons:
 Accurate Diagnosis: It provides detailed information
about the heart's condition, including the state of the
coronary arteries, heart valves, and chambers. This helps
doctors diagnose issues precisely.
 Guiding Treatment: It aids in planning appropriate
treatment strategies, such as angioplasty, stent
placement, or surgery, by offering clear visuals and
measurements.
 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

 Immediate Intervention: During the procedure, doctors can perform

treatments like opening blocked arteries or repairing heart valves
without needing additional surgeries
 Assessment of Heart Function: It measures pressures within the heart
and evaluates how well the heart is pumping, helping in the
management of heart diseases
 Minimally Invasive: It's less invasive compared to open-heart surgery,
reducing recovery time and risk.
 CEREBRAL
ARTERIOGRAPHY
CEREBRAL ARTERIOGRAPHY

 Cerebral arteriography, also known as cerebral angiography, is a

diagnostic procedure used to visualize the blood vessels in the brain.

It involves injecting a contrast dye into the bloodstream and taking X-

ray images to detect abnormalities like aneurysms, blockages, or

malformations. This technique helps doctors accurately diagnose

and plan treatments for various vascular conditions in the brain.

CEREBRAL ARTERIOGRAPHY

 Cerebral angiography is the radiologic angiographic

examinations of the blood vessels of the brain. The procedure

was introduced by Egas Moniz' in 1927. It is performed to

investigate intracranial vascular lesions such as aneurysms,

AVMs, tumors, and atherosclerotic or stenotic lesions.

CEREBRAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
 Cerebral angiography should be performed only in facilities equipped to

produce studies of high technical quality with minimal risk to the patient.

 cerebral angiography is most commonly performed from a transfemoral

approach

 Selective catheterization techniques also allow the internal and external

carotid circulation (Fig. 26-39) to be studied separately, which is useful in

delineating the blood supply of some forms of cerebral tumors and vascular

malformations.
 MACHINE USED:
 A cerebral Angiogram (also called cerebral digital

subtraction angiography or DSA) is the gold

standard for assessing blood vessels in the brain,

head, neck and spine. The procedure provides far

greater detail than CT and MRI scans and is

essential to understand the anatomy of aneurysms

and diagnose vascular malformations. It provides

important information which guides decision

making regarding the most effective and safest way

to treat your condition.

PATIENT PREPARATION
 adult patients are examined under local anesthesia in conjunction with

conscious sedation.

 Adequate sedation minimizes the intensity of the burning pain felt along

 the course of the vessel and the areas supplied by it during the rapid

injections of iodinated medium.

 It is imperative that conscious patients receive a careful explanation of what

to expect during the procedure and what is expected of them.

 This explanation is essential for the successful completion of the procedure

POSITIONING:
 During a cerebral angiogram, the patient is

positioned supine (lying flat on their back).

This position allows easy access to the blood

vessels in the neck and head.

 The patient's arms are placed comfortably by

their sides.

 To ensure precision, the table is adjusted so

that the head and neck align perfectly with the

X-ray machine.
RADIATION PROTECTION

 As in all radiographic examinations, the patient is protected

by filtration totaling not less than 2.5 mm of aluminum, by

sharp restriction of the beam of radiation to the area being

examined, and by avoidance of repeat exposures

 ANGIO
CARDIOGRAPHY
ANGIO CARDIOGRAPHY
 Angiocardiography, also known as cardiac angiography or coronary

angiography, is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood

vessels of the heart

 During the procedure, a contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream, and

X-ray images are taken to show the structure and flow of blood through the

heart's arteries and veins

 This helps diagnose conditions such as blockages, aneurysms, and other

cardiovascular issues.
ANGIO CARDIOGRAPHY
 During the procedure a catheter is inserted through an artery in the arm,

leg, or neck, the catheter is guided to the heart using fluoroscopy and a

contrast agent is injected through the catheter into the hearts chamber and

blood vessels and then x-ray images are taken, capturing the contrast

agents flow through the heart and vessels.

ANGIO CARDIOGRAPHY
 Angiocardiography helps diagnose and assess

 Coronary artery disease (CAD)

 Heart valve problems

 Congenital heart defect

 Cardiac tumors or cysts

 Pulmonary embolism

 Aortic dissection
ANGIO CARDIOGRAPHY

 types of angiocardiography

 Coronary angiography - focuses on coronary arteries

 Left ventriculography- examines the left ventricle

 Right heart catheterization- studies the right side of the heart

 Aortography- visualizes the aorta

ANGIO CARDIOGRAPHY

 The risk and complication are:

 Bleeding or hemorrage

 Allergic reactins to contrast agents

 Radiation exposure

 Cardiac arrhythmias

 Vascular damage
VENOGRAPHY
VENOGRAPHY

 Term that desccribes the radiologic examination of vascular

structures within the body after the introduction of an ionated

contrast medium

 Radiologic study of veins after the injection of radiographic

contrast medium.
VENOGRAPHY
Venography can be divided into the following

sections:

1. Peripheral Venography
3. Selective Visceral Venograhy
 Lower Limb Venograms
 Renal Venogram
 Upper Limb Venograms
 Hepatic Venogram
2. Central Venography

 Inferior Vena Cavogram

 Superior Vena Cavogram

 VENOGRAPHY
PERIPHERAL VENOGRAPHY

 Vizualized the veins of the lower extremities using dyes and x-ray imaging

LOWER LIMB

 Usually performed to rule ot thrombosis of deep veins of the leg

 Obtain with contrast medium injected through a needle placed directly into a

superficial vein in the foot

VENOGRAPHY
 INDICATION

 Deep venous thrombosis

 Demonstrate incompetent performing veins

 Oedema of unknown cause

 Congenital abnormality of the veenous system (rare)

 CONTRADICTION

 Local sepsis
VENOGRAPHY

 PATIENT PREPARATION

1. NPO for 4-6H prior to examination

2. Check recent serum creatinium and urea level

3. Taking proper medical history that appropriate premedication can be used

4. Changing patient to appropriate gown

VENOGRAPHY
 TYPES OF EXAMINATION

 Ultrasound

 Magnetic Resonance Venoraphy(MRV)

 Computed Tomoraphy Venography(CTV)

 MODIFICATION POSITIONING

 Supine position with the legs elevated to enhance venous filling

and visibility
VENOGRAPHY
 UPPER LIMB

 Most often performed to look for thrombosis the contrast medium is

injected through a needle or catheter into a superficial vein at the elbow or

wrist

 INDICATION

 Oedema

 Demonstrate the site of a venous obstruction

VENOGRAPHY
 CONTRADICATION:

 Due to the contrast medium

 PATIENT PREPARATION

 Obtaining informed consent

 Ensuring hydration

 Removing jewelry or tight clothing from the arm

 Explaining the procedure

VENOGRAPHY
 TYPES OF EXAMINATION

 Ultrasound

 Conventional Venography

 MODIFICATION OF POSITIONING

 Patient supine,turniquet positioned proximal to the wrist and elbow will

force the contrast medium into the deep veins

VENOGRAPHY

 CENTRAL VENOGRAPHY INFERIOR VENA CAVOGRAM

 Performed primarily to rule out the existence of thrombus or te occulusion

of the inferior vena cava

 Contrast media is injected through a multiple side hole catheter inserted

trough the femoral vein and positioned in the common iliac vein

or the inferior aspect of inferior vena cava

VENOGRAPHY
 INDICATION

 To demonstrate the site of a venous obstruction,displacement or

infiltration

 Congenital abnormality of the venous system

 CONTRADICTION

 Due to contrast medium

 Due to te technique complication of catheter technique

VENOGRAPHY
 PATIENT PREPARATION

 Fasting

 Obtaining consent

 Checking allergies

 Assesing kidney function with blood test

 TYPES OF EXAMINATION

 Flouroscopy and contrast- enhanced imaging

VENOGRAPHY
 SUPERIOR VENACA CAVOGRAM

 Performed primarily to rule out the existence of thrombus or te occlusion

of the superior vena cava

 Contrast media may be injected through a needle or an angiographic

catheter introduced into a vein in an artecubital foassa,althrough superior

opacification results from injection through a catheter positioned in the

auxillary vein
VENOGRAPHY
 INDICATION

 To demonstrate the site of a venous obstruction

 Congenital abnormality of the venous system

 CONTRADICTION

 Rapid serial radiography is performed 1 film per 10s

 PATIENT PREPARATION

 Rapid orally for 5H prior to the procedure

VENOGRAPHY
 INDICATION
 IPATIENT PREPARATION
 To demonstrate the site of a venous
 Rapid orally for 5H prior to the
obstruction
procedure
 Congenital abnormality of the venous
 MODIFICATION OF POSITIONING
system
 PA film of upper and lower neck
 CONTRADICTION

 Rapid serial radiography is performed 1

film per 10s

VENOGRAPHY

 RENAL VENOGRAM

 Usually performed to rule ot thrombosis of the renal vein.It also

catheterized for blood sampling,usually to measure the production of

renin,an enzye produced by the kidney hen it lacks adequete blood suply
VENOGRAPHY

 INDICATION  CONTRADICTION

 Bleeding at the puncture site  Contrast media reaction

 Thrombus formation  Thrombophlebits

 Embolus formation  Cardiac Arrhythemia

 Hematoma

 Dissection of a vessel

 Infection of puncture site

VENOGRAPHY

 PATIENT PREPARATION  TYPES OF EXAMINATION

 Informed consent  Magnetic Resonance Angioraphy

 Fasting  Doppler Ultrasound

 Ensuring hydration  MODIFICATION OF POSITIONING

 Assesing allergies to contrast  Supine position with slight left lateral

media rotation to improve vizualization of

the renal veins

VENOGRAPHY

 HEPATIC VENOGRAM

 Usually performed to rule out stenosis or thrombosis of the hepatic veins

 Veins catheterized to obtain pressure measurements from the interior of

the liver

 The hepatic veins carry blood from the liver to te inferior vena cava
VENOGRAPHY

 INDICATION  CONTRADICTION

 Obstruction in hepatitis  Hypersensitivity to contrast

 Detects the abnormalities in  Blood clotin disorder

hepatic vein  Suspected pregnancy

 To evaluate the patency of

hepatic vein
VENOGRAPHY
 PATIENT PREPARATION

 Patient should not eat or drink after midnight

 Ask patient to stop taking anticoangulant before exam

 Explain patient procedure to patient

 Ask patient to remove clothing and wear hospital gown

 TYPES OF EXAMINATION

 Flouroscopy

 Computed tomography angiography

VENOGRAPHY

 MODIFICATION OF POSITIONING

 Place the atient in the supine position for AP or PA projections that include

the liver tissue and extreme upper inferior vena cava

 Make the exposures representative injection and imaging programs are 10

ml/sec for 30 ml total volume of contrast medium

 Make exposure at the end of suspended expiration

 SPLENO
PORTHOGRAPHY
SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY

 Splenoportography is a medical imaging procedure

that involves visualizing the spleen and portal vein

using contrast agents and imaging technologies,

typically X-rays or ultrasound.

SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY
 The procedure is used to:

1. Diagnose liver diseases, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.

2. Evaluate portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the

portal vein).

3. Investigate spleen disorders, like splenomegaly (enlarged

spleen).

4. Assess the patency of the portal vein.

SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY
 There are two types of splenoportography:

1. Percutaneous splenoportography:

 A minimally invasive procedure where a needle is inserted through the skin

into the spleen, and a contrast agent is injected to visualize the spleen and

portal vein on X-rays.

2. Transjugular splenoportography:

 A more common and safer procedure where a catheter is inserted through the

jugular vein in the neck, guided to the spleen, and a contrast agent is injected

to visualize the spleen and portal vein.

SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY
 The procedure typically involves:

1. Preparation: Patients may be asked to fast and discontinue certain

medications.

2. Local anesthesia: To numb the skin where the needle or catheter is inserted.

3. Insertion of the needle or catheter: Under imaging guidance (e.g., ultrasound

or X-rays).

4. Contrast agent injection: To visualize the spleen and portal vein.

5. Imaging: X-rays or ultrasound images are taken to visualize the spleen and

portal vein.
SPLENO PORTOGRAPHY

 Risks and complications:  Alternatives:

 CT or MRI scans
 Bleeding or hematoma at the insertion
 Ultrasound
site
 Endoscopy
 Infection
 Laparoscopy
 Allergic reaction to the contrast agent

 Injury to surrounding organs

 RENAL
ANTERIOGRAPHY
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY

Renal arteriography is an imaging test or X-ray used to see the

blood vessels in your kidneys. The test can help your doctor

identify different health conditions. These include aneurysms

(ballooning of a blood vessel), stenosis (narrowing of the vessel),

or blockages.
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
PROCEDURES:

 You will be asked to wear a hospital gown and lie straight on an X-ray table.
The doctor will give you necessary fluids and medicines through an IV line.
This will help you relax before the procedure starts.
 The doctor will numb the insertion area on your body, often in the groin. They
will insert a needle through your skin into the blood vessel. After that, a
catheter will be inserted into the blood vessel.
 An X-ray dye will be injected into your blood vessels to make them more
prominent. The radiologist will use these X-ray images to insert the catheter
to the
 narrowed kidney (renal) artery through the blood vessels.
 Once the catheter is in position, the narrowing of the renal artery is gradually
widened. This procedure is known as renal artery angioplasty
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
 The doctor will ask you not to move during the procedure. You
will have to stay still with the help of pillows and foam pads. The
doctor may even ask you to hold your breath for 10-25 seconds
frequently.
 As the procedure completes, the doctor takes out the catheter.
To stop the bleeding of the insertion area, the doctor will put
pressure on it for 15 minutes.
 The doctor will advise you to drink plenty of water to remove the
X-ray dye from your body.
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
Renal arteriography helps diagnose and various kidney-related
conditions,
such as:

1. Renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the renal arteries)

2. Renal artery thrombosis (blood clots in the renal arteries)
3. Renal artery aneurysms (balloon-like bulges in the renal arteries)
4. Fibromuscular dysplasia (a condition causing narrowing or
dilatation of the renal arteries)
5. Kidney tumors or cysts
6. Hypertension (high blood pressure) related to kidney disease
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
The procedure can also be used to:

1. Evaluate kidney function before transplant surgery

2. Monitor the effectiveness of treatment for kidney conditions
3. Plan interventional procedures, such as angioplasty or stenting,
to treat blocked renal arteries
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
Potential risks and complications include:

1. Allergic reactions to the contrast agent

2. Bleeding or hematoma at the catheter site
3. Infection
4. Kidney damage or contrast-induced nephropathy (especially in
patients with pre-existing kidney disease)
5. Radiation exposure
PERCUTANEOUS
SPLENOGRAPHY
PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY
 Percutaneous splenography is a minimally invasive imaging technique used to

visualize the spleen.

 It involves the insertion of a needle through the skin to inject a contrast agent

directly into the spleen, allowing for detailed imaging through methods like

ultrasound or CT scans.

 This procedure can help diagnose conditions affecting the spleen, such as

splenomegaly, trauma, or infections. It is often considered when non-invasive

imaging techniques are insufficient for diagnosis.

PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY

 PRINCIPLE:

- to enhance the visibility of the spleen's vascular

structure and any pathological conditions by

using the contrast medium, allowing for a more

detailed assessment.
PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY
The procedure typically includes the following steps:

 Preparation: The patient is positioned, and the area over the spleen is cleaned and

sterilized.

 Injection: A needle is carefully inserted into the spleen under imaging guidance

(like ultrasound or CT) to administer the contrast agent.

 Imaging: After the injection, various imaging scans are performed to visualize the

spleen and surrounding structures.

PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY
The procedure typically includes the following steps:

 Trauma Assessment: It helps evaluate splenic injuries, especially in cases of

abdominal trauma, by visualizing hematomas or lacerations.

 Tumor Detection: The technique can identify splenic tumors or metastases, aiding

in diagnosis and treatment planning.

 Infectious Diseases: It can be used to assess splenic involvement in infections

like malaria or abscess formation.

PERCUTANEOUS SPLENOGRAPHY
The procedure typically includes the following steps:

 Vascular Disorders: The procedure can help diagnose conditions like splenic

vein thrombosis or assess the blood supply to the spleen.

 Guidance for Interventions: Percutaneous splenography may also assist in

guiding therapeutic interventions, such as drainage of abscesses or biopsies.

THANK YOU.