LECTURE.

PRESSURE VESSELS

BACHELOR DEGREE
SUBJECT–LIFE SAFETY
TEACHER –GANIYEVA REYHAN
 Introduction
This topic presents all the information you need to know about Pressure
Vessels. Read further and learn more about:
•What are Pressure Vessels?
•Types of Pressure Vessels
•Materials Selection for Pressure Vessels
•Design of Pressure Vessels
•Quality Testing and Inspection of Pressure Vessels
•And much more…
 Plasite Lined Tank from Gladwin Tank Manufacturing

What Are Pressure Vessels?

Pressure vessels are enclosed
containers that hold liquids, vapours,
and gases at a pressure significantly
higher or lower than the ambient
pressure. They are widely used in
various industries such as
petrochemical, oil and gas, chemical,
and food processing industries.
Equipment such as reactors, flash
drums, separators, and heat exchangers
are examples of pressure vessels
Pressure vessels are potential sources of explosion.
In pressure vessels, the explosion occurs due to the sudden disintegration of the outer layer
and the resulting rapid release of energy.
As a result of the sudden pressure drop when the container collapses, the substance in the
container immediately vaporises, the volume of the gas or vapour increases, the potential
energy of the compressible medium is rapidly converted into the kinetic energy of the
compressed gas. This leads to the collapse of the collapsed container, and reactive forces
are exerted on the remains of the container.
It should be noted that in refineries self-ignition inside the apparatus (under pressure).
Pressure vessel explosions are primarily caused by a
failure in managing the internal pressure, often due to
overpressure, corrosion, or material defects.
Overpressure can occur from a failure in pressure relief
systems or from unexpected chemical reactions inside
the vessel.
Explosive and flammable petroleum products heated to high
temperatures. When an explosion occurs in such devices, the
mixture released into the air again causes a second explosion.
The main causes of accidents occurring in pressure vessels are
violation of mechanical strength of the devices (corrosion, local
heating, etc.), exceeding the permissible pressure value, violation
of the operating mode, poor maintenance of the equipment. In rare
cases, a fault in the design of containers becomes the cause of an
accident.
Storage vessels are pressure vessels that temporarily hold Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat between two or more
liquids, vapours, and gases. fluids. They are commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical,
energy, and bioprocessing industries.
 Industrial mixers are pressure vessels that are equipped with
Boilers are heat transfer equipment that utilizes fuel,
motor-powered blades to homogenize and emulsify a single or
nuclear or electrical power as sources of heat. multiple substances.
 Safe labour in industry and
mining industry ‘Rules of device
and safe operation of pressure
vessels’ approved by the State
Supervision Service are mandatory
for all enterprises and organisations
designing, manufacturing and
operating vessels. These regulations
apply to the following containers
and containers:
- Vessels operating at pressures
above 0.07 MPa;
- Vapour pressure at temperatures
up to 500 C.
 GENERAL SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE
VESSELS
 Particular safety requirements are made for
structural control, preparation, material, assembly,
repair, instrumentation used, protective devices,
inspection and maintenance, registration and
installation of pressure vessels.

Pressure vessels shall be provided with pressure

and temperature measuring devices, safety devices,
connecting fittings and level indicators to control
their operation and ensure their safe operation.

Safety devices include membrans and safety

valves. Safety valves are placed on the pipework
connected to the vessels. They prevent the pressure
inside the vessel from exceeding the discharge
pressure.
 A safety relief valve is a mechanism that automatically
opens when the pressure inside the vessel rises and closes
when the pressure drops to operating pressure. The valve
must ensure normal operating conditions. That is, it must
open freely at a given pressure, allow the necessary
amount of liquid and gas to be displaced, limit the
pressure rise inside the container when it is opened and
ensure that the container is completely sealed when it is
closed. All these requirements are met by the valve, which
requires complex engineering solutions.
Therefore, this type of valve must not be placed on
pipelines with hot liquids flowing through the building. It
is strictly forbidden to install connecting fittings between
the safety relief valve and the pressure source.
The number of safety valves, their size and capacity should be
selected so that at their full opening the emergency pressure in
vessels with internal pressure up to 0.3 MPa exceeds the
reporting pressure by 0.05 MPa. For internal pressures of more
than 0.3 MPa, the emergency pressure at full valve opening
should be up to 10 % higher than the reporting pressure.
INSTALLATION, REGISTRATION AND
INSPECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
Pressure Vessels that need to be registered
In accordance with the W
orkplace Safety and Health (General Provisions) Re
gulations
, you must register the following types of Pressure
Vessels:
•Air receivers (AR)
•Steam receivers (SR)
•Refrigerating plant pressure receivers (PR)
•Steam boilers, including autoclaves (BR)
•Economisers (BE)
•Superheaters (BS)
Pressure Vessels that don't need to be registered
You do not need to register the following types of Pressure
Vessels:
•Pressure vessels that only process chemicals and other
substances, not with air, steam or water (when being used as a
refrigerant).
•Pressure vessels that operate under vacuum or negative
pressure.
•Air receivers, steam receivers or refrigerating plant pressure
receivers where the safe working pressure does not exceed 0.5
bar or the product of its safe working pressure and volume does
not exceed 100 bar litres.
•Steam boilers where the maximum permissible working
pressure does not exceed 0.5 bar.
 Installation of containers. Pressure
receptacles shall be placed in an open area
or in separate buildings. If, for one reason
or another, the container is placed in a
room within or adjacent to a production
building, the walls of the room where the
container is placed shall be solid. The
vessel shall be installed in such a manner
as to be easily maintained, repaired,
cleaned and monitored. After each
container has been installed and registered,
its registration number, allowable pressure,
time of next inspection shall be indicated
in a clearly visible place
 Registration and technical inspection of
containers. Before being put into operation,
pressure vessels shall be registered with the
State technical control authorities. After
registration and technical inspection of the
container by a State Technical Control
Inspector, a permit shall be issued to put it into
operation.
Pressure vessels shall be inspected before
commissioning periodically and earlier than
scheduled.
Containers registered by the State Agency for Safe Work in
Industry and Mining Control shall undergo technical
inspection at the following times:
- internal and external inspection, conducted to check the
condition of the internal and external walls of the container
- at least once every four years;
- hydraulic test, carried out under the condition of
preliminary inspection of the internal space of the vessel -
at least once every eight years.
 Before technical inspection, the container should be
stopped, cooled, released from working pressure, freed
from all pipework to which it is connected, cleaned to the
inner surface and external metal surfaces. Electrical
heaters and the ship's transmission should be separated
from it. If the container contains harmful substances, it
should be treated with neutralisers and degassers.
Testing of pressure vessels for high hazard liquids and
gases shall be carried out on the basis of instructions
approved by the Chief Engineer of the enterprise. Safety
lamps must be used when working inside the vessel
(viewing, repairing, cleaning). The voltage used for
lighting shall not exceed 12V.
 The following pointers to the upper
spherical portion of the balloon engraved:
- manufacturer's sign;
The explosion hazard of balloons does - cylinder number;
not depend on the type of gas inside them.
- empty cylinder weight, N;
The main cause of their explosion is a fall
from a certain height or damage to the body - date of preparation and year of the next
from impact. This effect is more examination;
pronounced when the temperature inside the
- working pressure, P, MPa;
container exceeds 300°C
- hydraulic test pressure, MPa;
- cylinder volume, litres
 Cylinders are tested at 1.5 times the working
pressure for 1 minute. After this hydraulic test,
the cylinder shall be held at working pressure
for 2 minutes.
After the hydraulic test, a pneumatic test
shall be carried out at working pressure. At this
time they shall be placed in a water bath more
than 1 metre deep.
Acetylene cylinders filled with porous mass
are tested with a pressure of 3.5 MPa through
nitrogen. In this case, the cylinder is placed in a
water bath at least 1m deep. The purity of
nitrogen used for testing shall not be less than
97%