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Week1 Logic Proposition

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16 views32 pages

Week1 Logic Proposition

Uploaded by

hoang huy nguyen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Technologies and

Education

Logic Proposition
Lecturer: Truong Thi Ngoc Phuong
Table of contents
Definition of
Propositional Negation of
01 02
Logic proposition

03 Connectives 04 Exercises
What is Proposition?
A proposition is a declarative sentence (that is, a sentence that
declares a fact) that is either true or false, but not both

Example 1:
1. Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
2. Toronto is the capital of Canada
3. 1 + 1 = 2
4. 2 + 2 = 3

Proposition 1 and 3 are true.


Proposition 2 and 4 are false.
Example 2:
Consider the following sentences:
1. What time is it?
2. Read this carefully
3. x + 1 = 2
4. x + y = z

Sentences 1, 2, 3, 4 are not proposition.


Propositional Variables
Propositional Variables
• We use letters to denote propositional variables (or statement variables)
• The conventional letters used for propositional variables are p, q, r, s…..

Truth Value
• The truth value of a proposition is true, denoted by T, if it is a true proposition.
• The truth value of a proposition is false, denoted by F, if it is a false proposition.
Before starting
something……
We should know about the history of that.
History of
Propositional
Logic
• The area of logic deals with propositions
are called the propositional calculus or
propositional logic.
• It was first developed systematically by the
Greek philosopher Aristotle more than
2300 years ago.
• Now we turn our attention to methods for
producing new propositions from those we
already have.
• These methods were discussed by the
English mathematician George Boole in
1854 in his book The Laws of Thought.
Negation of proposition – phủ định
Example 1:
Find the negation of the proposition
“Michael’s PC runs Linux”

and Express this in simple English.

Solution:
The negation is “It is not the case that Michael’s PC runs Linux”
This negation can be more simply expressed as “Michael’s PC does not run Linux”
Example 2:
Truth Table – Bảng chân trị

• Table 1 displays the truth table for the negation of a


proposition p.
• This table has a row for each of the two possible truth
values of a proposition p.
• Each row shows the truth value of ┐p corresponding
to the truth value of p for this row.
Negation Operators & Connectives
• The negation operator constructs a new proposition from a single existing
proposition.
• Logical operators used to form new propositions from two or more existing
propositions. These logical operators are also called connectives.
• There are some connectives:
1)Conjunctions
2)Disjunctions
3)Exclusive or
4)Conditional Statement
5)Biconditional Statement
Connectives
Conjunction – Nối liền (và)

• The Truth Table has a row for each of the four


possible combinations of truth values of p and q.
• The four rows correspond to the pairs of truth
values TT, TF, FT and FF.
Example 1: Conjunction
Find the conjunction of the propositions of p and q
p: “Rebecca’s PC has more than 16 GB free hard disk space”
q: “The processor in Rebecca’s PC runs faster than 1 GHz”

Solution:
The conjunction can be expressed more simply as “Rebecca’s PC has more than 16
GB free hard disk space, and its processor run faster than 1 GHz”.

For this conjunction to be true, both conditions given must be true.


It is false, when one or both of these conditions are false.
Disjunction – Nối rời (hay)

• The Truth Table has a row for each of the four


possible combinations of truth values of p and q.
• The four rows correspond to the pairs of truth
values TT, TF, FT and FF.
Example 1: Disjunction
Find the disjunction of the propositions of p and q
p: “Rebecca’s PC has more than 16 GB free hard disk space”
q: “The processor in Rebecca’s PC runs faster than 1 GHz”

Solution:
The conjunction can be expressed more simply as “Rebecca’s PC has more than 16
GB free hard disk space, or its processor run faster than 1 GHz”.

For this conjunction to be true, at least one of the two propositions given must be
true.
It is false, when both of these conditions are false.
Exclusive – Nối rời loại trừ (xor)

• The Truth Table has a row for each of the four


possible combinations of truth values of p and q.
• The four rows correspond to the pairs of truth
values TT, TF, FT and FF.
Conditional Statement (kéo theo)

• The Truth Table has a row for each of the four


possible combinations of truth values of p and q.
• The four rows correspond to the pairs of truth
values TT, TF, FT and FF.
Example 1: Conditional Statement
Find the conditional statement of the propositions of p and q
p: “Maria learns discrete mathematics”
q: “Maria will find a good job”

Solution:
The conjunction can be expressed more simply as “If Maria learns discrete
mathematics, then she will find a good job”.

For this conjunction to be false, if Maria learns discrete mathematics but she does
not find a good job.

Otherwise, this conjuction pq will be true.


Example 2: Conditional Statement
Find the conditional statement of the propositions of p and q
“If Juan has a smartphone, then 2 + 3 = 5

p: “Juan has a smartphone”


q: “2 + 3 = 5”

Solution:
The proposition q is true. Therefore proposition pq is always true no matter what p
is true or false.
Example 3: Conditional Statement
Find the conditional statement of the propositions of p and q
“If Juan has a smartphone, then 2 + 3 = 6”

p: “Juan has a smartphone”


q: “2 + 3 = 6”

Solution:
The proposition q is false.
If Juan does not have a smartphone then proposition p is false. Therefore, p q
proposition will be true. (F  F: True)
If Juan have a smartphone then proposition p is true. Therefore, p q proposition will
be false (TF: False)
Biconditional Statement (kéo theo 2
chiều)

• The Truth Table has a row for each of the four


possible combinations of truth values of p and q.
• The four rows correspond to the pairs of truth
values TT, TF, FT and FF.
Example 1: Biconditional
Statement
Find the biconditional statement of the propositions of p and q
p: “You can take the flight”
q: “You buy a ticket”

Solution: (p↔q)
The proposition p↔q is: “You can take the flight if and only if you buy a ticket”
The proposition p↔q is true if p and q are either both true or both false. Therefore:
* You take the flight and you buy a ticket: the biconditional statement is true (T ↔ T:
T)
* You cannot take the flight and you cannot buy a ticket: the biconditional statement
is true (F ↔ F: T)
Precedence of Logical Operators
Logic and Bit Operations
EXERCISES
Determine the truth table
Lập bảng chân trị
Determine the logic
proposition
Solution
Exercise: Determine the truth
table
a ) nếu 3+4=12 thì 3+2=6
b ) nếu 1+1=2 thì 1+2=3
c ) nếu 1+1=2 thì 1+2=4
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
[email protected]
0942920912

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