Made by

Sanjeev Padvi
9881315725,
Nasik
What is Work?
Work is said to be done when a body or object moves with
the application of external force. We can define work as
an activity involving a movement and force in the direction
of the force.
For example, a force of 30 newton (N) pushing an object 3
meters in the same direction of the force will do 90 joules
(J) of work.

Formula of Work when the displacement is in the direction

of the force:

When we kick a football, we are exerting an external force

called F and due to this force (kick), the ball moves to a
certain distance. This disposition of ball from position A to
B is known as displacement (d). This work is said to be
done and can be calculated as W = F × d
⦿ The amount of work done by a force is
equal to the product of the force and the
displacement of the point of application of
the force in the direction of force.
⦿ Work = Force X displacement of the
point of application of force in the
direction of force
⦿ W=FxS
⦿ If S =0, W=0
⦿ Work is a Scalar quantity.
Zero
work
If Force is applied but the
object doesn't move, no
work is done;

Though coolie or man

pushing the stone are
getting tired by holding or
pushing the load, no work
is done as there is no
displacement of load.
WORK DONE
Cos 180=
-1
(a)What is the work done by the force F in moving the block
A, 5m along
the slope?
(b)What is the work done by the force F in moving
the block A, on the ground till Q. the ?
Work done is
calculated:
1. When the displacement is
in the direction of force
W= F x S.

2. When the displacement is

not in the direction of force
W= F x S x cos θ
How is work calculated?
Work done when the displacement is in the direction of the
applied force:
1. Calculate the work done by the force
of 10 N when the displacement of 12
m occurs in the direction of the
force.
Give: F= 10 N, displacement S = 12 m

W= F x S
W= 10 x 12= 120 Nm or 120 J.

Ab=
2. 12
Calculate the work done in the
m following case.
W= F x S x
Cos 60
= 10 x 12 x
½
= 60 J
Work done when the displacement is
not in the direction of applied force.

W = F x S cos θ
( here S is
⦿ 1. By finding the component of displacement
along the force that is along AB
⦿ W= F x AB
⦿ In ∆ABC ,

cos θ = base/hypo = AB/AC

=AB/S or
AB = S cos θ
Hence , W = F x S cos θ
W = Force X component of displacement
in the direction of the force.
If PA indicates direction of force F, then the
component of force F in the direction of
displacement that is along AC is NA
⦿ W = NA x AC
= NA X S
⦿ In ∆ PNA ,
⦿ NA = PA cos θ

⦿ = F cos θ x S
⦿ W = F cos θ x S

⦿ Work = Component of force in the

direction of displacement x displacement
⦿ Work done is equal to :
1. Magnitude of force F
2. Magnitude of displacement S
3.Cosine of the angle θ between the
directions of force F and displacement S.
Since Force and Displacement are vector
quantities , and work is a scalar quantity, so
work is expressed as a dot product of force and
displacement vectors.
⦿ The dot product of two vectors is a scalar .
Case 1. If displacement is in the direction
of the force, θ =0, cos 00=1 so,
W = F x S cos θ = F x S x 1= F x S
Ex. In free fall of a body of
mass m under gravity through
a height h from A to B , the
force of gravity, F= mg and
displacement is h.
Work done by gravity==
FS=mgh
2. When we push the book
kept on the table.
Free
Fall
The work done by the crane by
applying force F= mg in lifting the
load, “m” against the gravity “g” up
to the height “h”
⦿ 2. A coolie does work on the load when
he rises it up against the force of
gravity. Both the force exerted by coolie
(=mg) and the displacement (=h) , are
in upward direction ,
⦿ The work done by the coolie in
raising the load is W= mgh
Case 2. When the displacement is normal/
perpendicularto the direction of force. θ=900
Example: When a body moves in a circular
path in a horizontal plane, NO WORK IS DONE,
since the centripetal force on the body at any
instant is directed towards the centre of
circular path and displacement is along the
tangent of the circular path i. e. normal to the
direction of force.(θ=900)
The displacement of the Moon is normal to the direction of force
applied by the gravity . θ=900.
Case (ii) if the displacement is normal to the direction of
force,θ=90 ; W=0
Ex.1. When a coolie walks on a horizontal ground while
carrying a load on his head, no work is done against the
force of gravity, because the displacement of load is
normal to the direction of force of gravity which is
vertically downwards.
W=-FxS
⦿ Ex.1. when a body moves on a surface,
the force of friction between the body
and surface is in a direction opposite to
the motion of the body. Therefore the
work done by the force of friction is
negative.
⦿ 2. When a ball of mass m is thrown
upwards from A to B to a height h, the
displacement is opposite to the direction
of force of gravity mg, so the work done
by the force of gravity is , W = -mgh.
W = F S = mgh
⦿ Thus work done by the force of gravity
is same whether the body comes down
from a certain height using the stairs,
or slope or a lift (or elevator)
⦿ Similarly, if a body of mass m goes up
through a vertical height h, either
directly or through the stairs , or slope
or lift, the work, W = -mgh
Work done by the force of gravity is
negative
⦿ Work = force x displacement

1 Joule = 1 newton x 1 metre

Thus , 1 joule of work is said to be done
when a force of 1 newton displaces a
body through a distance of 1 metre in its
own direction.
⦿ Bigger units of work are kilo-joule(kJ)
and mega-joule(MJ) and Giga-joule
(GJ)
1 kilojoule = 1000 joule
1 MJ= 10 J
1 erg of work is said to be done when a force
of 1 dyne displaces a body through a distance
of 1 cm in its own direction.

Relationship between joule and

erg:
⦿⦿ 1 joule ==1 10
N x5 dyne
1 m x 102
⦿ cm
⦿ =107 dyne cm
=107 erg
1 joule = 10 7

erg
⦿ The rate of doing work is called power.
Power can be defined as the rate at which
work is done i.e. energy converted

The formula for power

is P = W/t

The power spent by a source depends

on the following two factors :
(i) the amount of work done by the
source
(ii)the time taken by the source to do the said
work. 1 watt = 1 J/s = 1 kg-m2/s3
⦿ Units of power: S.I. unit of power is watt=J/s
⦿ If 1 joule of work is done in 1 sec , the power
spent
is said to be 1 watt.
Example of Power
A garage hoist lifts a truck up 2 meters above the ground in 15 seconds. Find
the power delivered to the truck. [Given: 1000 kg as the mass of the truck]
Solution: First we need to calculate the work done, which requires the force
necessary to lift the truck against gravity:
F = mg = 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 N.
W = F x d = 9810N x 2m = 19620 Nm = 19620 J.
The power is P = W/t =
19620J / 15s = 1308 J/s =
1308 W.
⦿We know W= F x S
And Power = Work /time

P= W /t = F x S / t
But S / t = v (average
speed ) Therefore P= F x
V
Power = Force x Average
velocity
⦿ Bigger units of power are
kilowatt(kW), megawatt (MW) and
gigawatt (GW)
⦿ 1kW = 103 W
⦿ 1MW = 106 W
⦿ 1 GW = 109 W

The smaller units of power are ;

⦿Milliwatt
and
microwatt 1 Milliwatt=
10 W
Milliwatt:
1 mW= 10 W

Microwatt:
C.G.S. unit of
power: erg per
second=
:
Wor Pow
k
1. Work done by a er
1. Power of a source
force is equal to the is the rate of doing
product of force and work by it.
the displacement in
the direction of
force. 2. Power spent
2. Work done does depends on the
not depend on time in which work
3. time.
S.I. unit of work is is done.
Joule (J) 3. S.I. unit of Power
is watt (W)
Energy is the capacity of the body
to do the work. It’s a scalar quantity
⦿ The energy possessed by a body is measured
by the amount of work that the body can
perform.
⦿ When a body does work, its energy
decreases , while if work is done on the
body , its energy increases.
⦿ It means whenever work is done, there is
always transfer of energy. Thus, energy
and work are related to each other.
⦿ The energy of a body is its capacity to do
work.
⦿ Like work, energy is also a scalar quantity.
⦿ S.I. unit of energy is joule (J) and the
C.G.S. unit is erg.
Relationship between joule and
erg 1J = 107 erg
⦿ The bigger unit of energy
are :
1. Watt hour (Wh) and
2. Kilowatt hour (kWh)
Watt hour : One watt hour is the energy
spent by a source of power 1W in 1hour.
Thus:
1 watt hour = 1watt x 1 hour =1J/s x
3600s=3600J
One watt hour is the energy
spent by a source of power 1W
Kilowatt hour: One kilowatt hour ( 1kWh)
is the energy spent by a source of power
1 kW in 1h.
⦿ 1 kilowatt hour = 1 kilowatt x 1 hour

=1000 J/s x 3600s

= 3.6 x 106 J =3.6 MJ
⦿ Calorie : Heat energy is usually
measured in calorie.
⦿ 1 calorie is the heat energy required in
raising the temperature of 1g of water
from 14.50C to 15.50C(or through 10C)
⦿ 1 J =0.24 calorie or 1 calorie = 4.2 J
4.18 J 4200
⦿ 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calorie = J
4180 J
⦿ Electron volt : The energy of atomic
particles is very small, so it is measured in
electron volt (e V) .
⦿ 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron
when it is accelerated through a potential
difference of 1 volt
⦿ 1 eV = charge of an electron x 1 volt
= 1.6 x 10-19 C x 1 volt
= 1.6 x 10-19 J
Energy Power
1.Energy of a body is its 1.Power of a
source is to
capacity the rate at which
work. energy is supplied
by it.
2.Energy spent does not 2.Power depends
ondepend
the on time in which
time. energy is spent.
3.S.I. unit of energy 3.S.I. unit of power
is joule (J) is watt (W)
1. Potential energy
2. Kinetic energy
Potential Energy : the energy
possessed by a body at rest due to its
position or size and shape is called
potential energy.

Potential energy is determined by the

given formula
Potential Energy=m ×g × h

⦿ It is denoted by the symbol U

⦿ Ex. A body placed at a height, a
wound up watch spring, a
compressed spring, a bent bow, a
⦿ 1. Gravitational potential energy : the
potential energy possessed by a body due
to the force of attraction of the earth on it.
⦿ The GPE of the body is zero when it is at
infinity because the force of attraction of
earth on the body is zero then.
⦿ GPE of a body at a point is the amount of
work done by the force of attraction of
earth in bringing that body from infinity
to that point.
⦿ Since work is done by force of gravity
itself, so at a finite distance from the
earth, the GPE of the body is negative.
⦿ As the distance of body from the surface of
earth increases, the force of attraction of
earth decreases and its GPE increases.
⦿ The potential energy possessed by a body
in the deformed state due to change in its
size and shape is called EPE.
⦿ It is the amount of work done in
deforming the body .
⦿ Some work is done by the external force
in deforming the body. This work is
stored in the body in the form of its EPE.
⦿ The GPE of a body at a height above
the ground is measured by the amount
of work done in lifting it up from the
ground to that height, against the
force of gravity.
⦿ Let a body of mass m be lifted from
the ground to a vertical height h.
⦿ The least upward force required to lift
the body , must be equal to the force
of gravity (F=mg) on the body acting
vertically downwards.
⦿ The work done W on the body in
lifting it to a height h is : W = mgh
⦿ GPE, U = mgh
⦿ The KE possessed by a moving body is
equal to the amount of work which the
moving body can do before coming to
rest.
⦿ It can be calculated by the amount of work
done by an opposing force to stop the
body.
⦿ F = mass x retardation = m x a
⦿KE = retarding force F x
displacement S ( As Work done=
Energy spent = F x S )
⦿ KE = F x S
From the relation; v2 = u2 + 2aS
(u=v, v=0) 0 = v2 – 2aS ;
Displacement S= v2 / 2a
⦿ KE = ½ mv2 and momentum, p = m v ;
v=p/m
⦿ KE = ½ m (p/m)2 = p2/2m ;
⦿ P2 =2mKE or KE = P2 / 2m
⦿ Case (i) If a light body A of mass m and
a heavy body B of mass M , both have
same momentum p , then the KE of the
light body A will be more than that of
the heavy body B.
⦿ Case (ii) : If a light body A of mass m
and a heavy body B of mass M have
the same KE , then the heavy body B
will have more momentum than the
⦿ The work done by a force on a moving body
in the same direction is equal to the
increase in its kinetic energy.
⦿ Proof : F = m x a and Work done = F x S

⦿ Work = KE final - KE initial

⦿ THUS WORK DONE ON THE BODY =
INCREASE IN KE
⦿ 1. Translational KE : The motion of a body
in a straight line path is called
translational motion and the KE of the
body due to motion in a straight line is
called the translational KE
⦿ Ex. A car moving in a straight path, a
freely falling body
⦿ 2. Rotational KE : If a body rotates about
an axis , the motion is called the
rotational motion and the KE of the body
due to rotational motion is called
rotational KE. Ex. A spinning top, a
rotating wheel, and a rotating fan.
⦿ 3. Vibrational KE : The KE of the body
due to its vibrational motion is called
vibrational KE.
⦿
Potential Kinetic
Energy Energy
1.It is the energy 1.It is the energy
possessed by a possessed by a
body due to its body due to its
changed position state of motion.
or changed size
and
2.It shape.to the
is equal 2.It is equal to the
work done in work that a
bringing the body moving body can
to its changed do before
state . coming to rest.
3.It can change only 3.It can change
in form of KE. into any other
4.It does not depend form.
1.A stone at a height has
GPE which is equal to the
work done in moving the
stone to that height against
the force of gravity on it.
When the stone is made to n
fall on a nail standing o a
wooden piece ,the nail
begins to penetrate.
2.The reason is that when
the stone starts falling, its PE
begins to change into its KE.
3.The falling stone now has
both PE and KE . When it
strikes the
nail, stone does work on the
nail. The KE of the stone
changes into KE of the nail
2. A wound up watch
spring has the elastic PE
which is equal to the
work done in bringing it
to the wound up state.
As the spring unwinds
itself, the PE stored in it
changes into the KE
which does work in
moving the hands of the
watch and thus changes
into the KE of the
hands.
3.when the string
of a bow is pulled,
some work is done
which is stored in
the deformed state
of the bow in the
form of its elastic
PE.
On releasing the
string to shoot an
arrow, the PE of
the bow changes
into the KE of the
arrow which makes
it move.
4.A compressed spring has the elastic PE
due to its compressed state. When it is
released , the PE of the compressed spring
changes into the KE which does work on the
ball placed on it and changes into the KE of
the ball due to which it flies.
Forms
of
Different forms of
energy
Solar energy : the energy radiated out by sun is
called solar energy. Solar energy cannot be
directly used to perform work, because it is too
diffused and it is not always available uniformly.

Solar panel : Consists of a black-painted metal

surface which absorbs the sun’s energy and
heats water in its contact.

Solar furnace : Has a large aperture mirror which

focuses the sun’s rays on a small area so that a
high temperature is achieved. Thus by keeping
water at the focus of the mirror , water can be
boiled to produce steam. Steam can be then used
to drive the turbine of an electric generator to
obtain electrical energy.
Solar furnace
They are used to convert the solar energy
directly into the electrical energy. These cells are
made from thin slices of semiconducting
material. However the efficiency of a solar cell to
convert solar energy
into the
electrical energy is very low.
⦿ Heat Energy: The energy released on
burning coal, oil, wood or gas is called the
heat energy. The steam obtained on heating
water possesses heat energy and it has the
capacity to do work. Ex. Steam engine
Light energy : It is the form of energy in
presence of which other objects are seen.
The natural source of light energy is sun.
The moon reflects the sunlight at night.
Chemical (fuel) energy: The energy possessed by
the fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas
is called the chemical energy.
When fuels are burnt, the stored chemical energy
changes into heat and light energy.
Electrical energy : When two dry bodies are
rubbed together, they get charged due to
movement of free electrons from one body to
the other body, so they possess electrical
energy.
Nuclear energy: The energy released due
to loss in mass during the processes of
nuclear fission and fusion , is called the
nuclear ( or atomic) energy. This energy is
used in nuclear reactors for the
constructive purpose to produce electrical
energy and is used in atom bomb for the
destructive purpose .
Nuclear energy is used in nuclear
reactors for the constructive purpose
to produce electrical energy
Hydro energy : the energy possessed by the fast
moving water is called hydro energy. This energy is
used to generate electricity in hydroelectric power
stations. The KE of the fast flowing water drives the
turbines of generators to produce electrical energy.
⦿ Wind Energy : the energy possessed by
the fast moving air is called wind
energy. This energy is used in driving a
wind mill which are used to pump
underground water and to grind grains
and also to drive the turbines of the
generator to produce electricity.
Geo thermal energy : the energy released in nuclear
disintegrations in the interior of the earth gets stored deep
inside the earth and is called geothermal energy. This energy
heats up the underground water to produce natural steam.
Sometimes this natural steam may burst out from the surface of
the earth as hot springs. This natural steam may be trapped to
run the turbine of generators to produce electricity.
Mechanical energy : The energy possessed by
a by due to its state of rest or motion, is called
mechanical energy. A body at a height, a
moving body , a stretched bow etc have
mechanical energy.
Sound energy : The vibrating body possesses the
sound energy. It is sensed by or ears. When the
disturbance produced by a vibrating body in the
atmospheric air layers reaches our ears and
produces vibrations in the ear membrane, sound is
heard.
Magnetic energy :
The energy possessed by a magnet
due to which it can attract iron
filings, is called magnetic energy. An
electromagnet has magnetic energy.
Conversion and conservation of
energy: During this conversion, the
law of conservation of energy is
observed!
In an electric motor , when an electric
current is passed through the coil freely
suspended in a magnetic field, a torque
acts on the coil due to which it rotates.
⦿ In electrical appliances such as heater,
geyser, oven , electrical energy changes
into heat energy when current is passed
through it.
A loudspeaker when in use, receives electrical
energy in form of electrical signals from the
microphone and changes it into the sound
energy.
Light energy to chemical energy: Light energy
from the sun is absorbed by the green plants
and converts it into chemical energy by the
process of photosynthesis.
When a candle burns, chemical energy changes to light and
heat energy.
Electrical energy to light energy : glowing of
electric bulb.

Light energy to electrical : in a photoelectric

cell , the light energy gets converted into the
electric energy. In a solar cell, light energy
gets converted into electrical energy.
⦿ Heat energy to mechanical energy: in a
steam engine, heat energy of steam
changes into KE of the piston.
⦿ Chemical energy to heat energy : When
fuel such as wood, coal, bio-gas is burnt
chemical energy changes into heat energy.
⦿ Chemical energy to mechanical energy: In
automobile, while in motion, the chemical
energy of petrol changes into mechanical
energy (KE).
⦿ Electrical energy to magnetic energy:
electromagnet, electric energy
changes into magnetic energy.
⦿ In a nuclear reactor, energy released
in the process of nuclear fission, is the
nuclear energy which is converted
into electrical energy.
When water falls from a height, the PE stored
in water at that height changes into the KE of
water during the fall. On striking the ground, a
part of the kinetic energy of the water changes
into heat energy due to which temperature of
water rises. Kinetic to heat energy in lighting a
match stick.
Conservation of energy
Principle of conservation of energy : According to the
principle of conservation of energy , energy can
neither be created nor it can be destroyed. It only
changes from one form to the other.
If there is only an interchange between the PE and KE,
the total mechanical energy (i.e. The sum of U and K )
remains constant when there are no frictional forces.
At C, let the velocity
be V2. Thus,
The K.E. at C
⦿ Let v1 be the velocity acquired by the
body at B after falling through a
distance x. Then u=0, S=x, a=g
⦿From v2 = u2 +2aS ; v12 =0 + 2gx =

2gx KE = 1/2m v12 = 1/2m x(2gx)

= m xg x X
⦿ Now at B, height of the body
above the ground =h-x
Therefore, the PE, (U) =mg(h-x)
Hence, total energy =K+U= mgx
+ mg(h-x)
Let the velocity acquired by the body on
reaching the ground be v. then u=0, S=h,
a=g
From equation : v2 = u2 +2aS =
0+2gh = 2gh KE = 1/2mv2 = 1/2m
x(2gh) = mgh
and PE,U=0 (at the ground when
h=0) Hence, total energy =K+U=
mgh +0 = mgh The conservation of
mechanical energy is
therefore strictly valid only in
absence of external
forces such as friction due to air etc.
⦿ Let A be the resting(mean) position of
the bob when it has zero potential
energy.
⦿ When the bob of the pendulum is
displaced to B from its resting position A,
the bob gets raised by a vertical height h,
so its PE increases by mgh, if m is the
mass of the bob.
⦿ Now on releasing the bob at B, it moves
back from B to A. its vertical height
decreases from h to zero, so its PE
decreases from mgh to zero and it gets
converted into the KE i.e. 1/2mv2
=mgh
⦿ At the point C, when the
bob gets raised by a
vertical height h above the
point A, again it acquires
the PE =mgh and its KE
becomes zero. So, the bob
momentarily comes to rest
at the point C, But due to
the force of gravity, the bob
moves back from C to A.
⦿ As the bob swings back
from C to A, the potential
energy decreases and the
kinetic energy increases.
⦿ At A (mean position) , it has
its total mechanical energy
in the form of kinetic
energy and the potential
energy is zero, so the bob
swings again from A to B to
repeat this process.
⦿ Thus, during the swing, at the extreme
positions B and C , the bob has only the PE,
while at the mean position A, it has only the
KE.
⦿ At an intermediate position (between A and B
or between A and C) , the bob has both the
KE and PE
, but the sum of both. (i. e. the total
mechanical energy) remains constant
throughout the swing.
⦿ This is strictly true only in vacuum where
there is no force of friction due to air.
Important
formulae
1. A force of 10 N displaces a body
by a distance of 2 m at an angle
600 to its own direction. Find the
amount of work done .
Given: F= 10 N, S= 2 m, cos
60= ½ W= F x S x cos 60
10 x 2 x ½
10 joule.
2. Calculate the height through which a body of
mass 0.5kg should be lifted if the energy spent
for doing so is 1.0 J(g=10m/s2)
Given: Energy spent= work done= 1
joule m= 0/5 kg, g=10m/s2,

Work done=
mgh 1 = 0.5 x
10 x h

h= 1/5= 0.2 m
Page No.
28.
1 A body, when acted upon by a force of 10 kgf, gets displaced
by 0.5 m.
Calculate the work done by the force, when the displacement is
(i) in the direction of force,
(ii) at an angle of 60o with the force, and
(iii) normal to the force. (g= 10Nkg-1)
Force acting on (ii) W = F × S cos θ
the body = 10 W = 100 × 0.5 cos 600
W = 100 × 0.5 × 0.5 [cos
kgf
600 =
= 10 × 10 N 0.5]
= 100 N W = 25 J
Displacement, S = (iii) Normal to the force
0.5 m Work = force ×
Work done = displacement in the
direction of force
force ×
W = F × S cos θ
displacement in W = 100 × 0.5 cos 900
the direction of W = 100 × 0.5 × 0 [cos 900
force = 0]
(i) W = F × W=0
2. A boy of mass 40kg climbs up the stairs and reaches the roof
at a height 8m in 5 s. Calculate:
(i) The force of gravity acting on the boy, (ii)The work done by him
against gravity, (iii)The power spent by the boy. (take g= 10ms-2)
Given (ii)Work done by a boy
Mass of a boy = 40 kg against the force of
Vertical height moved gravity while climbing,
by a boy, h = 8 m Work done by a boy =
Time taken by a boy, t Force
=5s × distance moved in
(i) Force of gravity the
acting on the boy direction of
F = mg force W = F ×
= 40 × 10 S
= 400 N W = 400 × 8
W = 3200 J
(iii) Power
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
spent =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
=
3 A man spends 6.4 kJ energy in displacing a body by
64 m in the direction in which he applies force, in 2.5
s. Calculate: (i) the force applied and (ii) the
power spent (in H.P) by the man.
Given (ii) Power spent =
Work done by man = (6.4 × 103) / 2.5
6.4 kJ = 2560 W
Distance moved= 64 1 H.P = 746 W
m 1 W = 1 / 746 H.P
(i) Work done by the 2560 W = 2560 /
man = Force × 746 H.P
distance moved in = 3.43 H.P
direction of force
Work, W = F × S
6.4 × 103 = F × 64
F = (6.4 × 103) /
4 A weight lifter lifted a load of 200 kgf to a height
of m in 5 s. Calculate: (i) the work is done, and (ii)
2.5
the power developed by him. Take g =10N/kg-1.

Force = 200kgf= (ii) Power

200 x 10 N= developed
2000 N = (work
Distance, S = done) / (time
2.5 m Time, t = taken)
5s = 5000 J / 5 s
(i) Work done, W = 1000 W
= FS
W = 2000 ×
2.5 m W =
5000 J
5. A machine raises a load of 750N through a height
of
16m in 5 s. Calculate:
(i) the energy spent by the machine.
(ii) the power of the machine if it is 100% efficient.

(i) Energy spent by machine or

work done = FS
Work, W = 750
× 16 W = 12000 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(ii) Power
J12000 spent = =
= 2400 5
W
Question: 6
An electric heater of power 3 kW is used for 10 h. How
much energy does it consume?
Express your answer in (i) kWh (ii) joule.
Solutions: (ii) 1 kilowatt hour
Energy consumed = (kWh) = 3.6 × 106 J
power × time 30 kWh = 30 × 3.6
(i) Energy = 3 kW × ×
10 h 106 J
= 30 kWh = 1.08 × 108 J
7 A water pump raises 50 liters of water through a
height of 25m in 5 s. Calculate the power of the pump
required.
(Take g= 10N kg-1 and density of water =1000kg m-3).
Volume of water=50 L Work done in raising
= 50 × 10-3 m3 50 kg water to a
Density of height of 25 m
against the force of
water = 1000
gravity is
kgm -3
W = mg
Mass of water = ×hW=
Volume of water mgh
× density of Power P = (work
water done) / (time taken)
= 50 × 10-3 × = mgh / t
= 50 × 10 × 25J / 5 s
1000
8 A pump is used to lift 500kg of water from a depth of 80m in 10s.
Calculate:
(a) The work done by the pump,
(b) The power at which the pump works, and
(c) The power rating of the pump if its efficiency is 40%. (Take g= 10m s-2).

Work done in raising a (c) Efficiency =

500 kg mass to a height useful power /
of 80 m against the power input
force of gravity is: Efficiency = 40 %
(a)W = mg × h = = 0.4
mgh W = 500 × 0.4 = 40 kW/ power
10 × 80 input Power input =
= 4 × 105 J 40 kW/0.4
(b)Power at which = 100 kW
pump works = work
done / time taken
= mgh / t
= (500 × 10 × 80J) /
10 s
9: An ox can apply a maximum force of 1000N. It is
taking part in a cart race and is able to pull the cart
at a constant speed of 30m/s-1 while making its best
effort. Calculate the power developed by the ox.

Solutio
ns:
Given = 1000 N
Force
Velocity = 30
m/s
Power, P = force ×
velocity P = 1000 × 30
= 30,000W
= 30 kW
10 The power of a motor is 40kW. At what
speed can the motor raise a load of 20,000 N?

Solutio
ns:
Power
Given = 40
kW Force =
20,000 N
Power = force ×
velocity Velocity =
power / force
= 40 kW/ 20,000
= 40,000 / 20,000
=2m/s
11 Rajan exerts a force of 150 N in pulling a cart at a
constant speed of 10 m s-1. Calculate the power
exerted.

Power exerted by Rajan

due to force is
P = Force x
velocity P = 150
×=
P 101500
W
12. A boy weighing 350 N climbs up 30 steps, each 20 cm high in 1
minute. Calculate:
(i) the work done, and
(ii) the power spent.

Solution:
Total distance covered in 30 steps, S = 30 ×
20 cm
= 600 cm
=6m
Work done by the boy in climbing =
Force × distance moved in direction of
force
Work, W = F × S
= 350 × 6
= 2100 J
Power developed = work done / time
13: It takes 20 s for a person A of mass 50 kg to climb up the
stairs, while another person B of same mass does the same in
15
s. Compare the
(i) work done and
(ii) power developed by the persons
Solutions: (ii)AThe
andpower
B. developed by
(i) The work done by two the persons A and B is
persons A and B is calculated as shown below:
independent of time. Hence A takes 20 s to climb the
both will do the same amount stairs while B takes 15 s to do
of work. Hence, the same work. Hence, B
Work done by A / work done does the work at a faster rate
by B than A. Therefore more power
=1/1 is spent by B.
= 1: 1 Power developed = 1 / time
(amount of work done by A
and B is same)
Power developed by A /
Power
developed by B = 15 / 20
=3/4
= 3: 4
14 A boy of weight 40 kgf climbs up the 15 steps, each 15 cm high
in 10 s and a girl of weight 20 kgf does the same in 5 s. Compare :
(i) the work done, and
(ii) the power developed by them. Take g = 10 N kg-1.

Solutions: (ii) Power developed

𝑴𝒈𝒉 𝒃𝒚 𝒃𝒐𝒚 /𝒕
(i) Work done is

𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝒃𝒚 𝒈𝒊𝒓𝒍/𝒕
is W = F x S= Power =
mgh

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝟒𝟎/𝟏𝟎

𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑦 𝟐𝟎/𝟓
=

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙

𝟒𝟎
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟒𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝟓
x

𝟐 𝟏𝟎
= =
𝟐𝟎
𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝟏
 15: A man raises a box of mass 50kg to a height of
2m in 20s, while another man raises the same box to
the same height in 50s. (a) Compare: (i) the work
done, and (ii) the power developed by them.
(b) Calculated: (i) the work done, and (ii)
the power developed by each man. Take g
= 10N kg-1. Solutions:
(a) (i) Work done to raise the box of mass 50 kg
is the
same for both
(ii) Power = work done / time taken
The power taken by the first man is less. Hence
powered developed is more.
(b) (i) Work done = mgh= 50 × 10 × 2 = 1000 J
(ii) Power developed by first man�= 𝑊=
1000
= 50 / 20 �

Power developed by second man = 𝑊 =

W
�
1000 / 50 �
The work done is independent of time. Hence both have done the
same work. Hence Work by boy/Work by father= mgh/mgh= 20 x
9.8 x 20 / 20 x 9.8 x 20 = 1:1

𝒕𝒊𝒎
Power developed by boy
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝒎𝒈𝒉
= 𝟐𝟎
= 𝒙 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟐𝟎 𝒆
=
𝒕 𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 21.77 W
Power developed by
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟐𝟎
father
= = =
32.66
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟏.𝟕𝟕
𝟑𝟐.𝟔𝟔
Ratio: = 3:2