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Coordinate System

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23 views15 pages

Coordinate System

Uploaded by

smejawost
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COORDINATE SYSTEM

Why do we need coordinate system?


DEFINITION OF COORDINATE
SYSTEM
a coordinate is a set of two or more numbers that specifies the
position of a point, line, or other geometric figure in relation to
some reference system.
A coordinate system is a method for identifying the location of a
point on the earth.
Most coordinate systems use two numbers, a coordinate, to
identify the location of a point.
TYPES OF COORDINATE SYSTEM

1. A Cartesian coordinate system


simply a grid formed by put together two measurement scales,
one horizontal (x) and one vertical (y).
The point at which both x and y equal zero is called the origin of
the coordinate system. The origin (0,0) is located at the center of
the grid (the intersection of the two bold lines).
All other positions are specified relative to the origin
CARTESIAN COORDINATES

Cartesian coordinates
POLAR COOEDINATES
• Polar coordinates (polar and cartesian coordinates are under
plane coordinate system)
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
Geographic coordinate system
Cartesian and other two-dimensional (plane) coordinate systems
are handy due to their simplicity but they are not perfectly suited
to specifying geographic positions.
The geographic coordinate system is designed specifically to
define positions on the Earth's roughly spherical surface. Instead
of the two linear measurement scales x and y, the geographic
coordinate systems bring together two curved measurement
scales.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
Geographic coordinate system
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
• The north-south scale, called latitude, ranges from +90° (or
90° N) at the North pole to -90° (or 90° S) at the South pole
while the equator is 0°. A line of latitude is also known as a
parallel.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM
• The east-west scale, called longitude, ranges from +180° to -
180°. Because the Earth is round, +180° (or 180° E) and -180°
(or 180° W) are the same grid line. A line of longitude is called
a meridian.
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR
• The geographic coordinate system grid of latitudes and
longitudes consists of two curved measurement scales to fit
the nearly-spherical shape of the Earth. As discussed above,
geographic coordinates can be specified in degrees, minutes,
and seconds of arc. Curved grids are inconvenient to use for
plotting positions on flat maps. Furthermore, calculating
distances, directions, and areas with spherical coordinates is
cumbersome in comparison to doing so with plane
coordinates. For these reasons, cartographers and military
officials in Europe and the U.S. developed the UTM
coordinate system.
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR
GCS - UTM
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR
• Transverse Mercator" refers to the manner in which
geographic coordinates are transformed from a spherical
model of the Earth into plane coordinates.
• The act of mathematically transforming geographic spherical
coordinates to plane coordinates necessarily displaces most
(but not all) of the transformed coordinates to some extent.
Because of this, map scale varies within projected (plane)
UTM coordinate system grids. Thus, UTM coordinates
provide locations specifications that are precise, but have
known amounts of positional error depending on where the
place is.
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR
• The Universal Transverse Mercator system is not really
universal, but it does cover nearly the entire Earth
surface.
• Only polar areas--latitudes higher than 84° North and 80°
South--are excluded. (Polar coordinate systems are used
to specify positions beyond these latitudes.)
• The UTM system divides the remainder of the Earth's
surface into 60 zones, each spanning 6° of longitude.
These are numbered west to east from 1 to 60, starting at
180° West longitude (roughly coincident with the
International Date Line).
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR
• UTM

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