Report of Capstone Project Planning

By Aniket Kawale

Aryan Khule Shivam

Kolekar

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Diploma in

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,

Marathwada Institute of Technology (Polytechnic), Chhatrapati
Sambhajinagar.
2024- 2025
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Capstone Project Planning

Report Submitted by

Aniket Kawale (2200660096)

Aryan Khule (2200660098)

Shivam Kolekar(2200660099)
Is completed as per the requirement of the
Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai in partial fulfillment of Diploma in
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
For the academic Year 2024 – 2025

Prof. S.A. Shendre Prof. R. D. Deshpande

Mentor Head of the Department

Prof.S.G.Deshmuk
h Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning, Marathwada Institute of Technology (Polytechnic), Chhatrapati
Sambhajinagar that gave me an opportunity for presentation and submission of my Capstone Project
Planning Report.
I am grateful to Prof. S.A.Shendre, Lecturer , Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Department for his constant encouragement and patience throughout this presentation and
submission of the Capstone Project Planning report.
I express my gratitude to Prof. R. D. Deshpande , Head of Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning Department and Prof. S. A. Shendre, Coordinator for their constant encouragement,
co- operation and support.
I must express my sincere thanks to Prof. S.G.Deshmukh, Principal, (Marathwada Institute of
Technology (Polytechnic), Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar and my professors and colleagues who
helped me directly or indirectly in completion of my report.

Aniket Kawale
Aryan Khule
Shivam Kolekar

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

MIT Polytechnic, Chh. Sambhajinagar
INDEX

CHAPTER PAGE
NO. TITLE NO.
Abstract i
Index ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
Acknowledgment v

1 Introduction 1
2 Software and Hardware Required

3 Proposed Approach
2.1 Architecture

2.2 System Design

2.3 Procedure along with algorithms followed

2.4 Individual Contribution

4 Testing
5 Result and Discussion
6 Conclusion and future Scope
REFERENCES
Abstract

This project explores the application of deep learning for traffic detection and analysis,
addressing challenges such as urban traffic congestion and the need for effective monitoring
systems. The objective is to develop a system capable of analyzing traffic images or videos
to detect vehicles and provide valuable insights, such as vehicle counts and traffic levels.
Using advanced object detection models like YOLO (You Only Look Once) or
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the system processes traffic data in multiple stages.
It begins with preprocessing, where images are resized and normalized for optimal
performance, followed by object detection to identify vehicles and mark them with bounding
boxes. A post-processing step refines these results by eliminating duplicate detections and
summarizing traffic data.
The system leverages publicly available datasets like KITTI or custom traffic datasets for
training and testing. Results demonstrate its accuracy and potential for real-world
applications, such as smart traffic monitoring and congestion management. This project
highlights the efficiency of deep learning in traffic analysis and offers scalability for future
enhancements, including real-time deployment and multi-class object detection. By
integrating such systems, urban management can achieve better traffic flow and smarter
infrastructure.
The project has the potential to support broader traffic management systems by analyzing
patterns, predicting congestion, and suggesting alternative routes. The modular design of
the system ensures flexibility, allowing it to be integrated with other smart city
technologies, such as IoT sensors and automated traffic lights, for real-time traffic
optimization. Moreover, its reliance on pre-trained deep learning models ensures
scalability and adaptability to diverse datasets and environments, making it suitable for
various cities and road conditionsFuture improvements could focus on enhancing accuracy
by incorporating additional object classes like pedestrians, bicycles, and traffic signs.
Another direction is deploying the model on edge devices like Raspberry Pi or NVIDIA
Jetson for real-time processing, which would eliminate the need for high-end
infrastructure.

Introduction
Traffic congestion is a critical issue in urban areas, affecting transportation efficiency,
increasing travel time, and contributing to environmental pollution. As cities grow,
traditional traffic monitoring methods, such as manual counting or fixed sensors, are
becoming less efficient and unable to provide real-time data on traffic conditions. There is a
pressing need for advanced, automated systems that can monitor and analyze traffic patterns
effectively, enabling better traffic management and planning.

Deep learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, has emerged as a powerful tool for solving
complex problems in various fields, including computer vision. Leveraging pre-trained deep
learning models, such as YOLO (You Only Look Once) and Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs), has revolutionized object detection tasks, making it possible to detect, classify, and
localize objects in images or videos with high accuracy and speed. These models can be
applied to traffic detection systems to automatically identify vehicles, count their numbers,
and assess congestion levels from traffic images or video feeds.

This project aims to utilize the capabilities of deep learning to create a system for traffic
detection and analysis. The system is designed to process input images or videos of traffic
scenes, identify vehicles, and provide actionable insights such as vehicle counts and
congestion levels. The approach involves using pre-trained YOLO models for vehicle
detection and post-processing techniques to refine results. The system's modular design
ensures flexibility, scalability, and adaptability to different urban environments and traffic
conditions.

The project demonstrates how deep learning can simplify traffic monitoring tasks, reducing
the need for expensive hardware or extensive manual intervention. This solution has
practical applications in smart city traffic management, where real-time traffic data can be
integrated with IoT systems to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion.
Software requirement:
Python 3.x
TensorFlow or PyTorch
YOLO
Jupyter Notebook, PyCharm, or Visual Studio Code
Matplotlib or Seaborn

Pandas
NumPy
OpenCV

Hardware Requirements:

Laptop/PC with at least 8GB RAM (16GB recommended)

GPU (e.g., NVIDIA GTX 1650 or higher)
Storage: Minimum 500GB HDD or 256GB SSD
Camera
Procedure & algorithms Followed

1. Load Traffic Data:

The first step is to load the input traffic data. This could be a video or a series of images
from a traffic camera. You can use OpenCV's cv2.VideoCapture() function to read video or
cv2.imread() for individual images.

2. Preprocess Data:
Resize the images to fit the YOLO input size, and normalize pixel values. This ensures that
the data is in the correct format for the model to process efficiently.

3. Run YOLO for Detection:

After preprocessing, you feed the images into the YOLO model. YOLO will identify objects
(vehicles) in the image by detecting bounding boxes. Each detected object will be classified
(for example, "car" or "truck") and given a confidence score.

4. Post-Processing:
After vehicle detection, the system counts the vehicles by counting the number of bounding
boxes in the image.
Based on the vehicle count, you classify the level of congestion. For example, if the vehicle
count exceeds a certain threshold, it could indicate "high congestion".

5. Display Results:
The system will display the results by annotating the input image or video. The bounding
boxes will
be drawn around detected vehicles, and the count of vehicles will be shown.
Architecture

1. Data Sources: Traffic camera feeds video / images

Collection dataset.
Layer

Input: Real-time video streams or static

images.
2. Steps:
Preprocessi
ng Layer Extract video frames or load images.
Normalize and resize images.
Annotate (label vehicles,
pedestrians, etc.).

Tools: OpenCV, Python libraries.

3. Deep Architecture:
Learning
Model Pre-trained YOLOv5, Faster R-CNN, or SSD for
Layer object detection.
Functionality: Identify and classify objects like
vehicles, pedestrians, and traffic signals.
4. Methods:
Deployment
Cloud-based API (e.g., Flask/Streamlit).
Layer
Edge deployment (e.g., NVIDIA Jetson for real-time
detection).

Outputs: Real-time traffic detection with bounding boxes

and classifications.

5. Interface: Web dashboard or real-time overlay

Visualization
on video.
Layer
Tools: Flask, Streamlit, or Matplotlib for
analytics.
System Design

Input Layer Data Sources: Purpose.

Processing
Layer Frame Preprocessing
Extraction

Deep
Tasks
Learning Model Used
Performed
Model Layer

Post-
Traffic
Processing Output
Layer Insights

User Interface
Layer Dashboard
Individual Contribution

1. Shivam Kolekar:
Model Setup and Fine-tuning: Shivam was responsible for setting up the pre-trained YOLO
model and fine-tuning it to detect vehicles in traffic images and videos. This involved
configuring YOLO with the necessary weights and ensuring it could process real-time traffic
data effectively.

2. Aniket Kawale:
Data Collection: Aniket collected traffic data in the form of images and videos, ensuring
they were appropriate for model input.
Preprocessing and Augmentation: He preprocessed the data by resizing images to fit the
model’s input size and normalized the pixel values. He also applied data augmentation
techniques such as flipping and rotation to make the model more robust under various
conditions (e.g., different angles and traffic scenes).

3. Aryan Khule:
Output Visualization: Aryan was in charge of implementing the system to visualize the
model’s output. This involved drawing bounding boxes around detected vehicles and
displaying vehicle counts. He ensured that the final results were easy to understand for users.
Testing
1. Accuracy Testing:
This ensures that the model detects vehicles correctly and counts them with precision. You
can measure accuracy using metrics like precision, recall, and F1-score.
Precision is the ratio of true positive vehicle detections to the total number of detections
made. Recall is the ratio of true positives to the total number of actual vehicles present in the
image. The F1-score combines precision and recall to give a more comprehensive measure
of accuracy.

2. Speed Testing:
Test the real-time performance of the system. This involves analyzing the frames per second
(FPS) the model can process. A higher FPS indicates the system can handle live video
streams smoothly, which is crucial for real-time traffic monitoring.

3. Robustness Testing:
The model should be tested under various conditions, such as:
Different weather conditions (rain, fog, sunlight).
Different times of day (night vs. day).
Traffic density (low, medium, high).
This helps evaluate whether the model can detect vehicles accurately under various
challenging conditions.

4. Congestion Level Classification:

Test whether the system correctly classifies the traffic congestion level based on vehicle
count. For example, a low vehicle count could indicate low congestion, while a high vehicle
count should categorize the area as highly congested.
Tools for Testing

TensorFlow or PyTorch: Used for model evaluation and metrics calculation.

OpenCV: To load and manipulate test images or video feeds.

Matplotlib/Seaborn: For plotting test results like graphs or confusion

matrices.

Custom Test Data: Gather traffic data from open-source datasets (like KITTI or Cityscapes)
or from traffic cameras to test the model.
Results

1. Vehicle Detection Accuracy:

The system detects vehicles in traffic images with a high level of accuracy. For example, in a
typical test case, the YOLO model might have a precision of 95%, indicating that 95% of the
detected vehicles are accurate. The recall could be around 90%, meaning that the system
successfully identifies 90% of all vehicles present in the image.
Example: In a traffic image with 50 cars, the model correctly detected 47 cars.

2. Congestion Level Analysis:

The model classifies the congestion level (low, medium, high) based on the number of
detected vehicles. The system can automatically categorize traffic conditions, which can
help urban planners make decisions regarding infrastructure needs or traffic signal
optimization.

3. Real-Time Processing:
The system processes real-time video feeds at a rate of 20 FPS (frames per second), which is
suitable for practical traffic monitoring applications. A faster frame rate ensures that the
system can operate in real-time environments, providing timely insights into traffic
conditions.
Discussion

1. Accuracy and Model Performance:

The model generally performs well in detecting vehicles under typical conditions. However,
challenges like detecting vehicles in low-light situations, fog, or heavy rain remain. For
instance, during testing under rainy conditions, the model's accuracy dropped slightly due to
reflections and blurred vehicle outlines.

2. Challenges:
Occlusion: In some cases, vehicles were partially obscured by other vehicles, making it
difficult for the model to detect them correctly.
Real-Time Performance: Although the system processes at 20 FPS, performance could
degrade if the input video feed is high resolution or the camera angle distorts vehicle sizes.

3. Potential for Future Enhancements:

Integration with IoT: The system can be enhanced by integrating it with IoT sensors that
monitor environmental factors like traffic lights and vehicle flow.
Vehicle Type Classification: In addition to detecting vehicles, the system could be upgraded
to classify vehicle types (cars, trucks, motorcycles) for more detailed traffic analysis.
Conclusion

This project successfully demonstrated how deep learning models, specifically YOLO (You
Only Look Once) for vehicle detection, can be applied to traffic analysis and congestion
monitoring. The system is capable of detecting vehicles in real-time from traffic images or
video feeds, providing valuable insights into traffic conditions, which can be used for urban
planning, traffic management, and smart city initiatives. The system was tested on a variety
of traffic scenarios, including normal, low, and dense traffic, and showed promising results
in terms of vehicle detection accuracy and congestion level classification.

While the system is functional, some challenges remain, such as improving detection in low-
light conditions and handling occlusions where vehicles are partially hidden. However, the
results indicate that deep learning techniques can be a powerful tool in automating traffic
analysis, reducing the need for manual monitoring, and offering more efficient solutions for
managing traffic in cities.
Future Scope

1. Real-Time Traffic Management:

In the future, this system can be integrated into a real-time traffic management system, using
live video feeds from traffic cameras. This could enable dynamic traffic signal control,
automated alerts for traffic jams, and even adaptive systems that optimize traffic flow based
on real-time data.

2. Enhanced Vehicle Classification:

The system could be expanded to classify different types of vehicles (e.g., cars, buses,
trucks, motorcycles), which would provide more detailed insights into traffic composition.
This could be useful for assessing road usage patterns, prioritizing certain types of vehicles,
or even for planning infrastructure improvements.

3. Integration with IoT Devices:

By integrating with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors such as smart traffic lights, sensors on
roads, and weather monitoring systems, the system could receive real-time data on
environmental conditions, vehicle speeds, and other factors. This would help improve the
accuracy and adaptability of the traffic analysis system.

4. Pedestrian Detection and Safety:

A future version of the system could also incorporate pedestrian detection, enhancing road
safety. This would be useful in urban areas where pedestrian traffic is high, and it could
contribute to reducing accidents between vehicles and pedestrians.
REFERENCE
1. https://rasa.com/
2. https://chatterbot.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
3. https://wikipedia.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code.html
4. https://pytorch.org/