Open-Loop and

Closed-Loop
Control Systems
GROUP 2

JUNJUN ROYLO
CYRIL ROSE NAHIAL
JESHA VEAM NAHIAL
RHEA CABANTAC
KRIS LAGRADA
DELFIN IDAGO
Open-Loop Control Systems
An open-loop control system takes input under the consideration and doesn't react on the feedback to obtain the
output. This is why it is also called a non-feedback control system.

There are no disturbances or variations in this system and works on fix conditions.

No Feedback Fixed Conditions Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness

They operate without considering the actual They are designed to work under specific They are often simpler and less expensive to
output or any deviations from the desired conditions and might not adapt well to design and implement compared to closed-
output. changes or uncertainties. loop systems.
Closed-Loop Control Systems
Closed-loop systems, also known as feedback control systems, incorporate feedback mechanisms to monitor and adjust
the output based on the actual system response. This feedback loop allows for adjustments and corrections, enhancing
accuracy and responsiveness.
1 Feedback Mechanism 2 Error Correction 3 Adaptive Behavior
They constantly monitor the output and use They can identify and compensate for errors They can adapt to changing conditions and
this information to adjust the input to achieve or disturbances that might affect the output. maintain desired performance even in the
the desired output. presence of variations.
4 Enhanced Accuracy
They generally achieve higher accuracy and reliability compared to open-loop systems.
Practical Examples of Open-Loop Systems
For example, the driving system of a car . Speed of the car is a function of the position of its accelerator. The desired speed
can be maintained (or a desired change in speed can be achieved) by controlling pressure on the accelerator pedal.
This car driving system (accelerator, carburettor and engine-vehicle) constitutes a control system. Figure 1.1 shows
the general diagrammatic representation of a typical control system. For the car driving system the input (command)
signal is the force on the accelerator pedal which through linkages causes the carburettor valve to open or close, so as to
increase or decrease fuel (liquid form) flow to the engine bringing the engine-vehicle speed (controlled variable) to the
desired value.
Practical Examples of Closed-Loop Systems
Let us reconsider the car driving system. The route, speed and acceleration of the car are determined and controlled by the driver
by observing traffic and road conditions and by properly manipulating the accelerator, clutch, gear-lever, brakes and steering
wheel, etc. Suppose the driver wants to maintain a speed of 50 km per hour (desired output). He accelerates the car to this
speed with the help of the accelerator. No error in the speed of the car occurs so long as , there are no disturbances along the
road. The actual speed of the car is measured by the speedometer and indicated on its dial. The driver reads the speed dial
visually and compares the actual speed with the desired one mentally. If there is a deviation of speed from the desired speed,
accordingly he takes the decision to increase or decrease the speed. The decision is executed by change in pressure of his foot
(through muscular power) on the accelerator pedal.
Comparison of Closed Loop and Open Loop Control System
Advantages of Open-Loop
Systems
While not as sophisticated as closed-loop systems, open-loop systems
have certain advantages that make them suitable for specific
applications.

Simple Construction -They are typically simpler to

design and build.

Cost-Effectiveness -They are often more

economical to implement.

Ease of Maintenance -They require less maintenance

compared to closed-loop
systems.
Stable Operation -They are generally stable and
predictable in their operation.
Disadvantages of Open-Loop Syste

The lack of feedback mechanisms in open-loop systems leads to several drawbacks

that can limit their applicability in certain situations.

Simple in construction and design.

1

Easy to maintain.
2

Generally stable.
3

Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.

4
Advantages of Closed-Loop
Systems
Closed-loop systems offer significant advantages over open-loop systems,
making them suitable for applications that require precise control and
adaptability.
Closed loop
Highly accurate as
control systems
any error arising is
are more accurate Bandwidth range
corrected due to
even in the is large.
presence of
presence of non-
feedback signal.
linearity.

The sensitivity of
system may be This system is
Facilitates
made small to less affected by
automation.
make system more noise.
stable.
 Disadvantages of Closed
Loop Control System
• They are costlier.
• They are complicated to design.
• Required more maintenance.
• Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
• Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.
• Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to design a stable
closed loop system.
Complex Design: These systems require detailed planning and intricate design,
making them more challenging to develop compared to simpler systems.

Higher Cost: The need for additional components like sensors and feedback
mechanisms increases the overall cost.

Maintenance: Due to their complexity and the need for constant feedback, these
systems can be more difficult and costly to maintain.
to External Disturbances: They can be overly sensitive to environzmental
disruptions, such as temperature changes or electrical noise, affecting their
accuracy and reliability.
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